صندوق تحوط

(تم التحويل من Hedge funds)

صندوق التحوط، هو صندوق استثمار لنطاق محدود من المستثمرين والذي يسمح بالقيام بمجموعة واسعة من الاستثمارات والأنشطة التجارية عن صناديق الاستثمار الأخرى، ويقوم المستثمرون بدفع رسوم الأداء إلى مدير الاستثمار. لكل صندوق تحوط إستراتيجية خاصة به تحدد أنواع وطرق الاستثمار الخاص به. صنادق التحوط، هي نوع، من الاستثمار يتضمن الحصص، الديون، والسلع.

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التاريخ

عالم الاجتماعي، المؤلف، والصحفي المالي ألفريد و. جونس يرجع إليه الفضل في إنشاء أول صندوق تحوط عام 1949.[1] Jones believed that price movements of an individual asset could be seen as having a component due to the overall market and a component due to the performance of the asset itself. To neutralize the effect of overall market movement, he balanced his portfolio by buying assets whose price he expected to be stronger than the market and selling short assets he expected to be weaker than the market. He saw that price movements due to the overall market would be cancelled out, because, if the overall market rose, the loss on shorted assets would be cancelled by the additional gain on assets bought and vice-versa. Because the effect is to 'hedge' that part of the risk due to overall market movements, this became known as a hedge fund.


حجم الصناعة

قاعدة البيانات عدد الصناديق العاملة الموقع الإلكتروني
مورنينگستار ألتڤست 8200[بحاجة لمصدر] www.altvest.com
بارلكلي هدج 5648[بحاجة لمصدر] www.barclayhedge.com
لپر تاس 7000[بحاجة لمصدر] www.hedgeworld.com
هدج فند دوت نت 7450[بحاجة لمصدر] www.hedgefunds.net
هدج فند ريسرش 7500[بحاجة لمصدر]
اريكاهدج 8232[بحاجة لمصدر] www.eurekahedge.com
CASAM CISDM 4166[بحاجة لمصدر] www.casamhedge.com

الرسوم

يحصل مدير صندوق التحوط على رسوم الادارة ورسوم الأداء (وتعرف أيضا بالرسوم الحافزة) من الصندوق. وقد يتقاضي المدير رسوما ما بين "2 و20"، والتي تشير إلى رسوم الإدارة بنسبة 2% من صافي قيمة الأصول سنوية ورسوم الأداء بنسبة 20% من أرباح الصندوق.[1]

رسوم الإدارة

As with other investment funds, the management fee is calculated as a percentage of the fund's net asset value. Management fees typically range from 1% to 4% per annum, with 2% being the standard figure.[2] Management fees are usually expressed as an annual percentage but calculated and paid monthly or quarterly.

The business models of most hedge fund managers provide for the management fee to cover the operating costs of the manager, leaving the performance fee for employee bonuses. However, in large funds, the management fees may form a significant part of the manager's profit.[3]

رسوم الأداء

Performance fees (or "incentive fees") are one of the defining characteristics of hedge funds. The manager's performance fee is calculated as a percentage of the fund's profits, usually counting both realized and unrealized profits. By incentivising the manager to generate returns, performance fees are intended to align the interests of manager and investor more closely than flat fees do. In the business models of most managers, the performance fee is largely available for staff bonuses and so can be extremely lucrative for managers who perform well. Several publications publish annual estimates of the earnings of top hedge fund managers.[4][5] Typically, hedge funds charge 20% of returns as a performance fee.[6] However, the range is wide with highly regarded managers charging higher fees. For example Steven Cohen's SAC Capital Partners charges a 35-50% performance fee,[7] while Jim Simons' Medallion Fund charged a 45% performance fee.

Performance fees have been criticized by many people, including notable investor Warren Buffett, who believe that, by allowing managers to take a share of profit but providing no mechanism for them to share losses, performance fees give managers an incentive to take excessive risk rather than targeting high long-term returns. In an attempt to control this problem, fees are usually limited by a high water mark.

As the hedge fund remuneration structure is highly attractive it has been joked that hedge funds are best viewed "... not as a unique asset class but as a unique ‘fee structure’".

High-water marks

معدلات هردل

رسوم الانسحاب/الاسترداد

الاستراتيجيات

Global macro

الاتجاهي

=Event-driven

القيمة النسبية

متفرقات

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مخاطر صندوق التحوط

بنية صندوق التحوط

المقر

Investment manager locations

الكيان القانوني

Open-ended nature

Side pockets

الصناديق المدرجة

قضايا تنظيمية

التنظيمات الأمريكية

المقارنة مع صناديق الأسهم الخاصة

المقارنة مع صناديق الاستثمار الأمريكية

Offshore regulation

Proposed US regulation

Hedge fund indices

Non-investable indices

Investable indices

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Clone indices

مناقشات ومجادلات

Systemic risk

الشفافية

قدرة السوق

التحقيقات الأمريكية

قياس الأداء

Value in mean/variance efficient portfolios

أبرز صناديق التحوط

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب AIMA Roadmap to Hedge Funds
  2. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/04/business/yourmoney/04stra.html?ref=yourmoney New York Times, "2 + 20, And Other Hedge Math", Mark Hulbert, March 4 2007.
  3. ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cf7f91e2-f3f0-11dd-9c4b-0000779fd2ac.html Financial Rimes, "Hedge fund investors have a great chance to cut fees", James Mackintosh, 6 February 2009.
  4. ^ "Trader Monthly's Top 100 for 2007 Unveiled". 1440 Wall Street, April 7, 2008. Retrieved May 25 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Best-Paid Hedge Fund Managers". Institutional Investor, Alpha magazine, May 25, 2008. Retrieved May 25 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Hedge Fund Math: Why Fees Matter (Newsletter), Epoch Investment Partners Inc.
  7. ^ Forbes 400 Richest Americans: Stephen A. Cohen

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Hedge funds قالب:Investment-management