دانيال كوشلاند، الابن

(تم التحويل من Daniel E. Koshland Jr.)
Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
ملف:Daniel Koshland 1991.jpg
كوشلاند عام 1991
وُلِدَ(1920-03-30)مارس 30, 1920
مدينة نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة
توفييوليو 23, 2007(2007-07-23) (aged 87)
لافاييت، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة
التعليم
عـُرِف بـنموذج التلاؤم المستحث
الزوج
الأنجال5، من بينهم دوگلاس كوشلاند
الجوائز
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتكيمياء حيوية
الهيئاتجامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي

دانيال إدوارد كوشلاند الابن (30 مارس 1920 – 23 يوليو 2007) كان أمريكيًا عالم كيمياء حيوية. أعاد تنظيم دراسة علم الأحياء في جامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي، وكان رئيس تحرير المجلة العلمية الأمريكية الرائدة ساينس من عام 1985 إلى عام 1995. وكان عضوًا في الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم في الولايات المتحدة،[1] والأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم،[2] والجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية.[3]

النشأة المبكرة

وُلد كوشلاند في أسرة يهودية، وهو ابن دانيال إي. كوشلاند الأب وإليانور (لقبها قبل الزواج Haas)، ابنة كبير عائلة هاس أبراهام هاس.[4] وكان جده الأكبر تاجر الصوف سايمون كوشلاند. وكان له شقيقتان: فرانسيس «سيسي» كوشلاند جيبال وفيليس كوشلاند فريدمان.[4]

شغل والده منصب الرئيس التنفيذي لشركة ليڤاي شتراوس وشركاه من عام 1955 إلى عام 1958،[4] ويُنسب إليه على نطاق واسع الفضل في إنقاذ الشركة خلال الكساد الكبير.[5]

في عام 1997، وضعته ثروة كوشلاند الخاصة، المستمدة من ليڤاي شتراوس، في المرتبة الرابعة والستين على قائمة أثرى الأشخاص في الولايات المتحدة.[6] وبدلًا من الاعتماد على ثروته، اختار كوشلاند أن يتابع مسيرة مهنية في العلوم.[7]

كتب كوشلاند في مقالٍ عن سيرته الذاتية أنه قرر أن يصبح عالمًا عندما كان في الصف الثامن، بعد قراءته كتابين علميين شائعين هما Microbe Hunters من تأليف پول دي كرايف وآروزميث من تأليف سنكلير لويس.[8]

Research career

Attending Phillips Exeter Academy[9] for high school Koshland then became the third generation of his family to matriculate to the University of California, Berkeley, where he majored in chemistry. The next five years, 1941–1946, were spent working with Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of Chicago on the top-secret Manhattan Project, where his team purified the plutonium that was used to make the atomic bomb at Los Alamos.[10]

In 1949, he received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Chicago.[11] His early work was in enzyme kinetics at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, and Rockefeller University, New York. This led him to propose the induced fit model for enzyme catalysis.[12] In the same period he studied the effect of using chemical modification to change the serine residue in the active site of subtilisin to cysteine,[13] (in parallel with a similar experiment done independently and almost simultaneously.[14] This can be regarded as the first example of an artificial enzyme, though Neet and Koshland did not use that term. A little later Koshland and colleagues introduced the principal alternative to the model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux[15] to explain protein cooperativity.[16]

Later Koshland turned to studying how bacteria control their movements in chemotaxis.[17] His laboratory made three major discoveries concerning protein phosphorylation in bacteria:

  1. The first phosphorylated bacterial protein, isocitrate dehydrogenase, was identified.[18]
  2. It was demonstrated that substituting an aspartate residue for the serine residue that was phosphorylated causes the protein to behave as if it were phosphorylated.[19]
  3. The response regulators in the two-component regulatory systems were shown to be phosphorylated on an aspartate residue and to be protein phosphatases with a covalent intermediate.[20][21]

He spearheaded the reorganization of the biological sciences at Berkeley, merging eleven departments into three.[22] In 1992, Koshland Hall was named after him.[7] The building is located next to (and on some floors connected to) Barker Hall. Koshland Hall houses a number of laboratories in both molecular and cell biology as well as plant and microbial biology.[23]

Koshland served as editor of the journal Science from 1985 to 1995.[24] His philosophical essay The Seven Pillars of Life is frequently cited and discussed in terms of extraterrestrial and artificial life as well as biological life.[25][26]

In 1998, Koshland was awarded the Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award given by the Lasker Foundation for medical research in the United States.[27] In 2008, the award was renamed the Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science in honor of Koshland.[28]

Personal life

He was married to Marian Koshland (لقبها قبل الزواج Elliot), a fellow Berkeley professor, from 1946 until her death in 1997. Marian was not Jewish, the daughter of a teacher who had immigrated from Denmark and a hardware salesman father of Southern Baptist background.[29] Daniel and Marian had five children: Ellen Koshland, Phyllis "Phylp" Koshland, James Koshland, Gail Koshland, and Douglas Koshland.[7] Koshland's son Douglas is a professor of genetics at the University of California, Berkeley.[30] Daniel Koshland supported the creation of the Marian Koshland Science Museum by giving a major gift to the National Academy of Sciences in Marian's honor.[7]

After his wife's death in 1997 he reconnected with onetime Berkeley classmate Yvonne Cyr San Jule and they were married in Lafayette on August 17, 2000.[31] San Jule had four children from previous marriages: conductor Christopher Keene, Philip Keene, Elodie Keene, and Tamsen (لقبها قبل الزواج San Jule) Calhoon.[22] A biographical memoir on Koshland by David Sanders has been published by the United States National Academy of Sciences.[32]

المراجع

  1. ^ Schekman R (2007). "The nine lives of Daniel E. Koshland Jr. (1920 2007)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (37): 14551–2. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10414551S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707644104. PMC 1976236. PMID 17720803.
  2. ^ "Daniel E. Koshland". American Academy of Arts & Sciences (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  3. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  4. ^ أ ب ت Butler Koshland Fellowships: "Daniel E. Koshland Sr. Archived مارس 23, 2013 at the Wayback Machine retrieved April 21, 2014
  5. ^ JWeekly: "Daniel Koshland, biologist and philanthropist, dies at 87" by Joe Eskenazi Archived أبريل 21, 2014 at the Wayback Machine July 27, 2007
  6. ^ "Richest List Has Gates at No. 1, Plus 83 Californians". Los Angeles Times. September 29, 1997. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث Maugh, II, Thomas H. (July 26, 2007). "Daniel Koshland Jr., 87; UC Berkeley molecular biologist". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2019.
  8. ^ Koshland D (1996). "How to Get Paid for Having Fun". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65: 1–13. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.000245. PMID 8811172.
  9. ^ "Phillips Exeter Academy | Dr. Daniel E. Koshland '37 to Receive the John Phillips Award". Exeter.edu. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  10. ^ "Albert Lasker Award for Special Achievement in Medical Science". laskerfoundation.org. The Lasker Foundation. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
  11. ^ "Remembrances: Daniel E. Koshland Jr. (1920–2007)". The Wall Street Journal. July 28, 2007. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  12. ^ Thoma, John A.; Koshland, D. E. (1960). "Competitive Inhibition by Substrate during Enzyme Action. Evidence for the Induced-fit Theory". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 82 (13): 3329–3333. Bibcode:1960JAChS..82.3329T. doi:10.1021/ja01498a025.
  13. ^ Neet, K. E.; Koshland, D. E. (1966). "The conversion of serine at the active site of subtilisin to cysteine: A "chemical mutation"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 56 (5): 1606–1611. Bibcode:1966PNAS...56.1606N. doi:10.1073/pnas.56.5.1606. PMC 220044. PMID 5230319.
  14. ^ Polgar, Laszlo; Bender, Myron L. (1967). "The Reactivity of Thiol-subtilisin, an Enzyme Containing a Synthetic Functional Group". Biochemistry. 6 (2): 610–620. doi:10.1021/bi00854a032. PMID 6047645.
  15. ^ Monod, Jacques; Wyman, Jeffries; Changeux, Jean-Pierre (1965). "On the nature of allosteric transitions: A plausible model". Journal of Molecular Biology. 12: 88–118. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(65)80285-6. PMID 14343300.
  16. ^ Koshland, D. E.; Némethy, G.; Filmer, D. (1966). "Comparison of Experimental Binding Data and Theoretical Models in Proteins Containing Subunits". Biochemistry. 5 (1): 365–385. doi:10.1021/bi00865a047. PMID 5938952.
  17. ^ MacNab, R. M.; Koshland, D. E. (1972). "The Gradient-Sensing Mechanism in Bacterial Chemotaxis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 69 (9): 2509–2512. Bibcode:1972PNAS...69.2509M. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.9.2509. PMC 426976. PMID 4560688.
  18. ^ Wang JY, Koshland DE (October 1, 1982). "The reversible phosphorylation of isocitrate dehydrogenase of Salmonella typhimurium". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 218 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(82)90321-6. PMID 6756316.
  19. ^ Thorsness, P. E.; Koshland, D. E. Jr. (1987). "Inactivation of isocitrate dehydrogenase by phosphorylation is mediated by the negative charge of the phosphate". J Biol Chem. 262 (22): 10422–5. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60975-5. PMID 3112144.
  20. ^ Sanders, DA; Gillece-Castro, BL; Stock, AM; Burlingame, AL; Koshland, DE Jr (1989). "Identification of the site of phosphorylation of the chemotaxis response regulator protein, CheY". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (36): 21770–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)88250-7. PMID 2689446.
  21. ^ Sanders, D. A.; Gillece-Castro, B. L.; Burlingame, A. L.; Koshland, D. E. Jr. (1992). "Phosphorylation site of NtrC, a protein phosphatase whose covalent intermediate activates transcription". J Bacteriol. 174 (15): 5117–22. doi:10.1128/jb.174.15.5117-5122.1992. PMC 206329. PMID 1321122.
  22. ^ أ ب Sanders, Robert (July 24, 2007). "Eminent biochemist Daniel Koshland has died". berkeley.edu. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
  23. ^ "Koshland Hall". University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  24. ^ "Dan Koshland, 1920–2007: In Memoriam". Science. AAAS. 2007. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  25. ^ Koshland, D. E. Jr. (March 22, 2002). "Special Essay: The Seven Pillars of Life". Science. 295 (5563): 2215–2216. doi:10.1126/science.1068489. PMID 11910092.
  26. ^ Moore, David Moore (2013). Fungal biology in the origin and emergence of life. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-107-65277-4. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
  27. ^ "1998 Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award in Medical Science: Science communication and education". Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
  28. ^ "Discoverers of Small Regulatory RNAs and Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs to Receive Lasker Awards for Medical Research". MarketWatch. سبتمبر 13, 2008. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
  29. ^ Guyer, Ruth Levy. "Marian E. Koshland Biographical Memoir" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
  30. ^ "ASCB Profile: Douglas Koshland" (PDF). Ascb Newsletter. American Society for Cell Biology: 12–13. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  31. ^ Tjian, Robert (August 2007). "Daniel E. Koshland Jr. 1920–2007" (PDF). Cell. 130 (4): 579–580. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.011. PMID 17915359. S2CID 29934663. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  32. ^ "Daniel E. Koshland Jr" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-01-31.

External links

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