نجمي متوسط

النجمي المتوسط Interstellar medium أو الحبيبة بين نجمية هى جسيم غبارى سديمي يسبب الخمود بين النجمي وهى صغيرة جدا يبغ قطرها 1\10,000 ملمتر ويعتقد أن هذة الحبيبات تحتوى على الكربون على الأكثر.

The distribution of ionized hydrogen (known by astronomers as H II from old spectroscopic terminology) in the parts of the Galactic interstellar medium visible from the Earth's northern hemisphere as observed with the Wisconsin Hα Mapper (Haffner et al. 2003).

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 المسألة بين النجوم

Table 1: Components of the interstellar medium

Component	Fractional Volume	Scale Height (pc)	Temperature (K)	Density (atoms/cm³)	State of hydrogen	Primary observational techniques
Molecular clouds	< 1%	70	10—20	102—106	molecular	Radio and infrared molecular emission and absorption lines
Cold Neutral Medium (CNM)	1—5%	100—300	50—100	20—50	neutral atomic	H I 21 cm line absorption
Warm Neutral Medium (WNM)	10—20%	300—400	6000—10000	0.2—0.5	neutral atomic	H I 21 cm line emission
Warm Ionized Medium (WIM)	20—50%	1000	8000	0.2—0.5	ionized	Hα emission and pulsar dispersion
H II regions	< 1%	70	8000	102—104	ionized	Hα emission and pulsar dispersion
Coronal gas Hot Ionized Medium (HIM)	30—70%	1000—3000	106—107	10−4—10−2	ionized (metals also highly ionized)	X-ray emission; absorption lines of highly ionized metals, primarily in the ultraviolet

 التفاعل مع الوسط بين الكواكب

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Schematic diagram of the interaction between the ISM and the interplanetary medium

 انظر أيضا

• سديم
• خمود بين نجمي

• List of molecules in interstellar space
• Diffuse interstellar band
• Photodissociation region
• Interstellar masers
• Interplanetary medium
• Heliosphere
• Outer Solar System
• Outer space
• Stellar system
• Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar and intergalactic medium

 المصادر

• مؤمن, عبد الأمير (2006). قاموس دار العلم الفلكي. بيروت، لبنان: دار العلم للملايين. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |طبعة أولى coauthors= (help)

• Bacon, Francis (1626), Sylva 
• Beals, C. S. (1936), "On the interpretation of interstellar lines", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 96: 661, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936MNRAS..96..661B 
• Birkeland, Kristian (1913), "Polar Magnetic Phenomena and Terrella Experiments", The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition, 1902-03, New York: Christiania (Oslo), H. Aschelhoug & Co., pp. 720 
• Boyle, Robert (1674), Excell. Theol. ii. iv.: 178 
• Burke, J. R.; Hollenbach, D.J. (1983), "The gas-grain interaction in the interstellar medium - Thermal accommodation and trapping", Astrophysical Journal 265: 223, doi:10.1086/160667, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...265..223B 
• Dyson, J. (1997), Physics of the Interstellar Medium, London: Taylor & Francis 
• Field, G. B.; Goldsmith, D. W.; Habing, H. J. (1969), "Cosmic-Ray Heating of the Interstellar Gas", Astrophysical Journal 155: L149, doi:10.1086/180324, http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1969ApJ...155L.149F 
• Ferriere, K. (2001), "The Interstellar Environment of our Galaxy", Reviews of Modern Physics 73 (4): 1031–1066, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.73.1031, قالب:Arxiv 
• Haffner, L. M.; Reynolds, R. J.; Tufte, S. L.; Madsen (2003), "The Wisconsin Hα Mapper Northern Sky Survey", Astrophysical Journal Supplement 145: 405, doi:10.1086/378850 . The Wisconsin Hα Mapper is funded by the National Science Foundation.
• Heger, Mary Lea (1919), "Stationary Sodium Lines in Spectroscopic Binaries", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 31 (184): 304, doi:10.1086/122890, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1919PASP...31..304H 
• Lequeux, J. The Interstellar Medium. Springer 2005.
• McKee, C. F.; Ostriker, J. P. (1977), "A theory of the interstellar medium - Three components regulated by supernova explosions in an inhomogeneous substrate", Astrophysical Journal 218: 148, doi:10.1086/155667, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977ApJ...218..148M 
• Patterson, Robert Hogarth (1862), "Colour in nature and art", Essays in History and Art 10  Reprinted from Blackwood's Magazine.
• Pickering, W. H. (1912), "The Motion of the Solar System relatively to the Interstellar Absorbing Medium", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 72: 740, http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1912MNRAS..72..740P 
• Spitzer, L. (1978), Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium, Wiley, ISBN 0471293350 
• Stone, E. C.; Cummings, A. C.; McDonald, F. B.; Heikkila, B. C.; Lal, N.; Webber, W. R. (2005), "Voyager 1 Explores the Termination Shock Region and the Heliosheath Beyond", Science 309: 2017, doi:10.1126/science.1117684 
• Thorndike, S. L. (1930), "Interstellar Matter", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 42 (246): 99, doi:10.1086/124007, http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0042//0000099.000.html 

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 وصلات خارجية

• Freeview Video 'Chemistry of Interstellar Space' William Klemperer, Harvard University. A Royal Institution Discourse by the Vega Science Trust.