ميستك

ميستك (Mixtec ؛ /ˈmiːstɛk/ أو /ˈmiːʃtɛk/ أو Mixtecos، هم شعوب ميزو أمريكية في المكسيك تعيش في منطقة تُعرف بإسم لا ميشتكا La Mixteca في واخاكا و پوِبلا وكذلك في منطقة مونتانياس بولاية گريرو، و منطقة كوستا تشيكا، التي تغطي أجزاء من الولايات المكسيكية واخاكا، و گريرو و پوِبلا.

Mixtec (Ñuù savi)

ملك الميستك وأمير الحرب Eight Deer Jaguar Claw (right) Meeting with Four Jaguar, in a depiction from the pre-Columbian Codex Zouche-Nuttall.
إجمالي التعداد
Approximately 830,000
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
Mexico (واخاكا,پويپلا, گريرو, تشياپاس
اللغات
Mixtec, Spanish
الدين
Roman Catholicism with elements of traditional beliefs
الجماعات العرقية ذات الصلة
Zapotecs, Trique

Turquoise mosaic mask. Mixtec-Aztec, 1400-1521 AD

اللوح 37 من Codex Vindobonensis. The central scene supposedly depicts the origin of the Mixtecs as a people whose ancestors نبعوا من شجرة.

The stucco reliefs in the Tomb 1 of Zaachila (The Valley, Oaxaca) reveal a remarkable influence from Mixtec art. It is likely that the tomb belongs to a person whose name is registered in the Nuttall Codex. Tomb 1 of Zaachila, Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Late Postclassic.

The Mixtec region and the Mixtec peoples are traditionally divided into three groups, two based on their original economic caste and one based on the region they settled. High Mixtecs or mixteco alto were of the upper class and generally richer; the Low Mixtecs or "mixteco bajo" were generally poorer. In recent times, an economic reversal or equalizing has been seen. The third group is Coastal Mixtecs "mixteco de la costa" whose language is closely related to that of the Low Mixtecs; they currently inhabit the Pacific slope of Oaxaca and Guerrero. The Mixtec languages form a major branch of the Otomanguean language family.

In pre-Columbian times, a number of Mixtecan city states competed with each other and with the Zapotec kingdoms. The major Mixtec polity was Tututepec which rose to prominence in the 11th century under the leadership of Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, the only Mixtec king who ever united the Highland and Lowland polities into a single state. Like the rest of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, the Mixtec were conquered by the Spanish invaders and their indigenous allies in the 16th century. Pre-Columbia Mixtecs numbered around 1.5 million. Today there are approximately 800,000 Mixtec people in Mexico, and there are also large populations in the United States.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 الاسم

The term Mixtec (Mixteco in Spanish) comes from the Nahuatl word mixtecah [miʃˈtekaʔ], "cloud people" . There are many names that the Mixtecs have for naming themselves: ñuù savi, nayívi savi, ñuù davi, nayivi davi. etc. This all denominations can be translated as 'people of the rain'. The historic homeland of Mixtec people is La Mixteca, called in Mixtec language Ñuu Savi, Ñuu Djau, Ñuu Davi, etc., depending on the local variant. They call their language sa'an davi, da'an davi or tu'un savi.

 الجغرافيا

خريطة تبين منطقة ميستك التاريخية. المواقع الأثرية قبل الكلاسيكية مُعلـّمة بمثلث، والمواقع الكلاسيكية معلمة بنقطة مستديرة والمواقع بعد الكلاسيكية بمربع.

 اللغة ومجموعات المخطوطات والأعمال الفنية

The preconquest Codex Bodley, page 21, names Lord Eight Grass as being the last king of Tiaxiaco.

The Mixtecan languages (in their many variants) were estimated to be spoken by about 300,000 people at the end of the 20th century, although the majority of Mixtec speakers also had at least a working knowledge of the Spanish language. Some Mixtecan languages are called by names other than Mixtec, particularly Cuicatec (Cuicateco), and Triqui (or Trique).

 الهامش

 للاستزادة

• Kevin Terraciano (2004). The Mixtecs of Colonial Oaxaca: Nudzahui History, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804751049.

 وصلات خارجية

قالب:Indigenous peoples of Mexico قالب:Indigenous people of Oaxaca