الحروب التركية الصربية (1876-1878)
الحروب التركية الصربية أو الحروب الصربية العثمانية (بالصربية: српско-турски ратови / srpsko-turski ratovi)، وتُعرف أيضاً بإسم حروب الاستقلال الصربية (српски ратови за независност, srpski ratovi za nezavisnost)، كانت حربين متعاقبتين (1876-1877 and 1877-1878)، نشبت بين إمارة صربيا و الدولة العثمانية. بالاشتراك مع إمارة الجبل الأسود، أعلنت صربيا الحرب على الدولة العثمانية في 30 يونيو 1876. بتدخل القوى الأوروپية الكبرى، تم التوصل لوقف اطلاق نار في الخريف، وانعقد مؤتمر القسطنطينية. وتم توقيع السلام في 28 فبراير 1877 على أسس status quo ante bellum. بعد فترة وجيزة من سلام رسمي، أعلنت صربيا الحرب على الدولة العثمانية في 11 ديسمبر 1877. Renewed hostilities lasted until February 1878. Final outcome of wars was decided by the مؤتمر برلين (1878). Serbia gained international recognition as an independent state, and its territory was expanded.[1][2][3]
| الحروب التركية الصربية (1876–1878) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| جزء من الأزمة الشرقية الكبرى | |||||||
 The Morava Battles – August 1876 | |||||||
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| المتحاربون | |||||||
.svg){kind=small} إمارة صربيا الإمبراطورية الروسية (from 1877) |
 الدولة العثمانية | ||||||
| القادة والزعماء | |||||||
|
Mikhail Chernyayev František Zach Đura Horvatović Mihailo Ilić Ranko Alimpić Milojko Lešjanin |
عبد الكريم نادر عثمان نوري سليمان حسني محمد علي | ||||||
| القوى | |||||||
| 89,000–100,000 | 90,000–139,000 | ||||||
At the beginning of the conflict, Serbian army was poorly trained and ill-equipped, unlike the troops of the Ottoman Empire. The offensive objectives the Serbian army sought to accomplish were overly ambitious for such a force, and they suffered a number of defeats that resulted from poor planning and chronically being spread too thin. This allowed Ottoman forces to repel the initial attacks of the Serbian army and drive them back. During the autumn of 1876, the Ottoman Empire continued their successful offensive which culminated in a victory on the heights above Đunis. During the second conflict, between 13 December 1877 and 5 February 1878, Serbian troops regrouped with help from Imperial Russia, who fought their own الحرب التركية الروسية. The Serbians formed five corps and attacked Ottoman troops to the south, taking cities of نيش و پيروت ولسكوڤاتس وڤرانييه one after another. The war coincided with the الانتفاضة البلغارية، the Montenegrin–Ottoman War and the Russo-Turkish War, which together are known as the Great Eastern Crisis of the Ottoman Empire.[4]
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خلفية والقوات المتقابلة
في 1875، اندلعت ثورة بين الصرب المسيحيين في الهرسك، التي كانت ولاية في الدولة العثمانية، والتي سرعان ما انتشرت إلى مناطق أخرى من ولاية البوسنة، وفي ربيع 1876 اندلعت أيضاً انتفاضة للسكان المسيحيين في بلغاريا. Although the Ottoman Empire quickly suppressed the revolt in Bulgaria, the fighting in Herzegovina and Bosnia continued to drag on. In the same time, political instability in Turkish capital culminated on 30 May (1876) when السلطان عبد العزيز was deposed and replaced with مراد الخامس. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the two semi-independent principalities of Serbia and Montenegro opted for independence and declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 18 June 1876.[5]
القوات
العمليات
الحرب الأولى (1876-1877)
أعلنت الحكومة الصربية الحرب على الدولة العثمانية في ڤيدوڤان الرمزي (28 يونيو)، يوم معركة كوسوڤو (1389).
الحرب الثانية (1877-1878)
الذكرى
- In 1876, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky composed and orchestrated the ″Marche slave″.
- At the close of Tolstoy's 1877 novel Anna Karenina, the character of Count Aleksey Vronsky enlists in a Russian volunteer regiment traveling to the aid of the Serbians.
- In 1882, Laza K. Lazarević (1851–91), wrote the short story The People Will Reward All of This. The author describes the difficult position of disabled war veterans after returning from the battlefield and inhuman attitude of the state towards them.
معرض الصور
Serbian military camp, 1876
Serbian soldiers marching, 1876
Ottoman reconnaissance in Deligrad, 1876
War correspondents in Serbian camp, 1876
Clash with Cherkessians
Supreme Command of the Serbian Army 1876–77
Serbian soldiers attacking the Ottoman army at Mramor, 1877
Đorđe Vlajković crosses the Drina with volunteer squads, 1877
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ William L. Langer, European Alliances and Alignments, 1871-1890 (2nd ed. 1950) pp 121-66
- ^ Pavlowitch 2002, p. 64-65.
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 224-225.
- ^ Pavlowitch 1999, p. 115.
- ^ Nevill Forbes, et al. The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey (1915) summary histories by scholars online free
المصادر
- Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Forbes, Nevill, et al. The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey (1915) summary histories by scholars online free
- Harris, David. A diplomatic history of the Balkan crisis of 1875-1878: the first year (1969).
- Kovic, Milos. Disraeli and the Eastern Question (Oxford UP, 2010).
- Langer, William L. European Alliances and Alignments, 1871-1890 (2nd ed. 1950) pp 121-66.
- Macfie, Alexander Lyon. The Eastern Question 1774-1923 (2nd ed. 2014).
- Millman, Richard. Britain and the Eastern question, 1875-1878 (Oxford UP, 1979).
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (1999). A History of the Balkans 1804–1945. London, New York: Longman.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company.
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اللغات الأخرى
- Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Belić, Vladimir J. (1937). Ratovi srpskog naroda u XIX i XX veku (1788–1918). Izdavačko i knjižarsko preduzeće Geca Kon A. D.
- Đorđević, Vladan (1907). Српско-Турски Рат, Успомене И Белешке Из 1876, 1877 И 1878 Године.
- Grujić, Sava (1902). Operacije Timočko-Moravske vojske: Srpsko-Turski rat 1876–77 god : beleške i uspomene. Štamp. radionica vojnoga ministarstva.
- Jagodić, Miloš (2004). Насељавање Кнежевине Србије : 1861–1880. Istorijski institut. ISBN 978-86-7743-046-7.
- Lazarević, Milutin D. Наши Ратови За Ослобођење И Уједињење.
- Petrović, Mita (1996). Ratne beleške sa Javora i Toplice, 1876, 1877 i 1878: Dogaćaji sa Javora 1876. Narodni muzej – Čačak.
- Petrović, Mita; Todorović, Dragoje (1979). Ratne beleške sa Javora i Toplice, 1876, 1877 i 1878: Borbe u Toplici 1877–1878. Čačak: Narodni muzej.
- Šalipurović, Vukoman (1968). Ustanak u zapadnom delu Stare Srbije: 1875–1878. Vesti.
- Stojančević, Vladimir (1998). Srpski narod u Staroj Srbiji u Velikoj istočnoj krizi 1876–1878. Službeni list SRJ.
- Stojančević, Vladimir (2001). Други српско – турски рат 1877 – 1878. и ослобођење Jугоисточне Србије : поводом 120-годишњице : зборник радова са научног скупа, одржаног 17. и 18. новембра 1997. године. Српска академија наука и уметности. Одељење историjских наука. ISBN 978-86-7025-312-4.
- Terzić, Slavenko (1997). Ibarska vojska u srpsko-turskim ratovima od 1876. do 1878. godine: naučni skup povodom obeležavanja 120-godišnjice Javorskog rata : septembar 1996. Narodni muzej.
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وصلات خارجية
- Jovan Ristić (1898). "Diplomatska istorija Srbije za vreme srpskih ratova za oslobodjenje i nezavisnost, 1875–1878". (Public domain)
- http://www.srpsko-nasledje.rs/sr-l/1998/08/article-03.html.
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