إنجليزية وسطى

Middle English
Middle English
الحقبة	developed into Early Modern English, Scots and Yola in Wexford by the 16th century
عائلة اللغات	الهندو-اوروپية Germanic West Germanic Anglo-Frisian Middle English; ; ; ;
الصيغة المبكرة	Old English
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	enm
ISO 639-2	enm
ISO 639-3	enm
ISO 639-6	meng
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

الانجليزية الوسطى هو الاسم الذي اطلقه علماء تاريخ اللغات على اللهجة والنطق الشائع للغة الانجليزية في فترة ما بين الاحتلال النورماندي في سنة 1066 ومنتصف القرن الخامس عشر. ترتبط هذه اللغة من حيث التركيب بظهور عدد من المصطلحات الجديديدة واختفاء اخرى.

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Archaic characters

The following characters can be found in Middle English text, direct holdovers from the Old English Latin alphabet.

letter	name	pronunciation	comments
Æ æ	Ash	[æ]	Ash may still be used as a variant of the digraph ⟨ae⟩ in many English words of Greek or Latin origin; and may be found in brand names or loan words.
Ð ð	Eth	[θ], [ð]	Eth fell out of use during the 13th century and was replaced by thorn.
Ȝ ȝ	Yogh	[ɡ], [ɣ], [j] or [dʒ]	Yogh lingered in some Scottish names as ⟨z⟩, as in McKenzie with a z pronounced /j/. Yogh became indistinguishable from cursive z in Middle Scots and printers tended to use ⟨z⟩ when yogh was not available in their fonts.
Þ þ	Thorn	[θ], [ð]	Thorn mostly fell out of use during the 14th century, and was replaced by th by 1400. Anachronistic usage of the scribal abbreviation has led to the modern mispronunciation of the letter (þ) as ⟨y⟩.^[1]
Ƿ ƿ	Wynn	[w] (the group ⟨hƿ⟩ represents [hw~ʍ])	Wynn represented the Germanic /w/ phoneme, which had no correspondence in Vulgar Latin phonology (where classical /w/ had become /β/). It mostly fell out of use, being replaced by ⟨w⟩, during the 13th century. Due to its similarity to the letter ⟨p⟩, it was mostly represented by ⟨w⟩ in modern editions of Old and Middle English texts even when the manuscript has wynn.

Chaucer, 1390s

The following is the beginning of the general Prologue from The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. The text was written in a dialect associated with London and spellings associated with the then-emergent Chancery Standard.

Original in Middle English:

Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote

The droghte of March hath perced to the roote

And bathed every veyne in swich licour,

Of which vertu engendred is the flour;

Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth

Inspired hath in every holt and heeth

The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne

Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,

And smale foweles maken melodye,

That slepen al the nyght with open ye

(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);

Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages

And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes

To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;

And specially from every shires ende

Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende,

The hooly blisful martir for to seke

That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke.

Translation into Modern English: (by Coghill)^[2]

When in April the sweet showers fall

And pierce the drought of March to the root, and all

The veins are bathed in liquor of such power

As brings about the engendering of the flower,

When also Zephyrus with his sweet breath

Exhales an air in every grove and heath

Upon the tender shoots, and the young sun

His half course in the sign of the Ram has run

And the small fowl are making melody

That sleep away the night with open eye,

(So nature pricks them and their heart engages)

Then folk long to go on pilgrimages,

And palmers long to seek the stranger strands

Of far off saints, hallowed in sundry lands,

And specially from every shires’ end

Of England, down to Canterbury they wend

The holy blissful martyr, quick

To give his help to them when they were sick

وصلات خارجية

A. L. Mayhew and Walter William Skeat. A Concise Dictionary of Middle English from A.D. 1150 to 1580
Middle English Glossary
Oliver Farrar Emerson, A.M., Ph.D. (ed.). A Middle English Reader.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) With grammatical introduction, notes, and glossary.

قالب:Germanic philology

[1] Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, ye[2] retrieved February 1, 2009

[underwords-2] Gleason, Paul (2002). "Don DeLillo, T.S. Eliot, and the Redemption of America's Atomic Waste Land". Underwords. Joseph Dewey, Steven G. Kellman and Irving Malin. Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp. p. 131.

[1]

[2]

إنجليزية وسطى

فهرست

Archaic characters

Chaucer, 1390s

See also

وصلات خارجية