طاقة أولية

الطاقة الأولية (بالإنجليزية: primary Energy)‏ يقصد بها عادة الثروة القومية من نفط أو غاز طبيعي أو فحم أو يورانيوم. كما يمكن أن تعبر عن استهلاك الطاقة على المستوى القومي، وهذه تصاغ في كميات الطاقة المستهلكة سواء من الفحم والبترول والطاقة الشمسية والمكتسبة من السدود المائية. وعادة لا تدخل فيها الطاقة لكهربائية، إلا إذا أنتجت الطاقة الكربائية من السدود المائية أو طاقة الريح. فإذا كان استهلاك الدولة من الطاقة الأولية أكبر من إنتاجها منها لجأت إلى استيراد الطاقة الأولية من الخارج إما كبترول أو فحم أو غاز أو غيرها.

World total primary energy supply of 162,494 TWh (or 13,792 Mtoe) by fuels in 2017 (IEA, 2019)^[1]^:6,8

Oil (32%)

Coal/Peat/Shale (27.1%)

Natural Gas (22.2%)

Biofuels and waste (9.5%)

Nuclear (4.9%)

Hydro (2.5%)

Others (Renewables) (1.8%)

World total primary energy supply of 162,494 TWh (or 13,792 Mtoe) by region in 2017 (IEA, 2019)^[1]

OECD (38%)

Middle East (5.4%)

Non-OECD Europe /Eurasia (8.0%)

China (22%)

Non-OECD Asia (w/o China) (13.4%)

Non-OECD Americas (4.4%)

Africa (5.8%)

Bunkers (marine/air) (3%)

توليد الطاقة في 2019 حسب المصدر (كان إجمالي التوليد 27 پيتاواط/ساعة)^[2]^[3]

الفحم (37%)

الغاز الطبيعي (24%)

الكهرومائية (16%)

النووية (10%)

الرياح (5%)

الشمسية (3%)

Other (5%)

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أمثلة على المصادر

مصادر الطاقة الأولية			converted by	مكون نظام الطاقة	إلى	Energy carriers (main)
Non-renewable^{[nb 1]}	Fossil fuels	Oil (or crude oil)		Oil refinery		Fuel oil
	Fossil fuels	Coal or natural gas		Fossil fuel power station		Enthalpy, mechanical work or electricity
	Mineral fuels	Natural uranium^{[nb 2]}		Nuclear power plant (thermonuclear fission)		Electricity
	Mineral fuels	Natural thorium		Thorium breeder reactor		Enthalpy or electricity
Renewable		Solar energy		Photovoltaic power plant (see also Solar power)		Electricity
		Solar energy		Solar power tower, solar furnace (see also Solar thermal energy)		Enthalpy
		Wind energy		Wind farm (see also Wind power)		Mechanical work or electricity
		Falling and flowing water, tidal energy^[4]		Hydropower station, wave farm, tidal power station		Mechanical work or electricity
		Biomass sources		Biomass power plant		Enthalpy or electricity
		Geothermal energy		Geothermal power station		Enthalpy or electricity

الطاقة القابلة للاستخدام

Primary energy sources are transformed by the energy sector to generate energy carriers.

التحويل إلى ناقلات الطاقة (أو الطاقة الثانوية)

موقع ومصدر الطاقة

المستقبل

Primary energy outlook. Projected from 2007 (EIA, 2010)

حوادث ووفيات الطاقة

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

^ At the scale of earth sciences, all primary energy sources can be considered to be renewable. The non-renewable essence of resources (PES) is due to the scale of needs within human society. In certain situations, the use of resources by human society is performed at a much higher rate than the minimum rate at which it can be geophysically renewed. This is the rationale behind the differentiation between non-renewable primary energy sources (oil, coal, gas, uranium) and renewable primary energy sources (wind, solar, hydro).
^ Some nuclear fuels, such as plutonium or depleted uranium, are also used in nuclear fission power plants. However, they cannot be considered to be primary energy sources as they cannot be found in nature in any quantity. Indeed, there must be a consumption of natural uranium (primary energy source) in order to make these other nuclear fuels available.

المصادر

^ ^أ ^ب "2019 Key World Energy Statistics" (PDF). IEA. 2019.
^ "Data & Statistics". International Energy Agency (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2021-11-25.
^ "World gross electricity production by source, 2019 – Charts – Data & Statistics". International Energy Agency (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2021-11-25.
^ "Energy and the Natural Environment" Archived 2008-10-24 at the Wayback Machine by David A. Dobson, Ph.D., Welty Environmental Center Feature Article, accessed July 9, 2009

قراءات إضافية

Kydes, Andy (Lead Author); Cutler J. Cleveland (Topic Editor). 2007. "Primary energy." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth June 1, 2006; Last revised August 14, 2007; Retrieved November 15, 2007.
Øvergaard, Sara (September 2008). Definition of primary and secondary energy (PDF). Norway: Statistics Norway. Retrieved 2016-12-17.

وصلات خارجية

[4] At the scale of earth sciences, all primary energy sources can be considered to be renewable. The non-renewable essence of resources (PES) is due to the scale of needs within human society. In certain situations, the use of resources by human society is performed at a much higher rate than the minimum rate at which it can be geophysically renewed. This is the rationale behind the differentiation between non-renewable primary energy sources (oil, coal, gas, uranium) and renewable primary energy sources (wind, solar, hydro).

[5] Some nuclear fuels, such as plutonium or depleted uranium, are also used in nuclear fission power plants. However, they cannot be considered to be primary energy sources as they cannot be found in nature in any quantity. Indeed, there must be a consumption of natural uranium (primary energy source) in order to make these other nuclear fuels available.

[IEA-Report-keyworld-2019-1] أ ^ب "2019 Key World Energy Statistics" (PDF). IEA. 2019.

[IEA_Electricity-2] "Data & Statistics". International Energy Agency (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2021-11-25.

[3] "World gross electricity production by source, 2019 – Charts – Data & Statistics". International Energy Agency (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2021-11-25.

[6] "Energy and the Natural Environment" Archived 2008-10-24 at the Wayback Machine by David A. Dobson, Ph.D., Welty Environmental Center Feature Article, accessed July 9, 2009

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