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Opus sectile refers to an art technique popularized in ancient and medieval Rome where materials were cut and inlaid into walls and floors to make a picture or pattern. Common materials were marble, mother of pearl, and glass. The materials were cut to thin places, polished, and then cut further according to the design. Unlike mosaic techniques, where the placement of very small uniformly-sized pieces forms a design, opus sectile pieces are much larger and can be shaped to define large parts of the design.
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Origin
Although early examples have been found from Egypt and Asia Minor, the most prominent artifacts remain from 4th century Rome. A large set from the Basilica of Junius Bassus survived, depicting an elaborate chariot and other things. The popularity of opus sectile designed continued in Rome through the 6th century, and affected areas as far as Constantinople (now Istanbul in Turkey).
Later uses
Although the technique died in Rome with the decline of the Empire, it continued to be used prominently in Byzantine churches, primarily in floor designs. From Byzantium it was eventually brought it back to إيطاليا and Sicily in the 12th century in the Cosmatesque style, concentating on geometric patterns. There was a major revival from the Italian Renaissance in the form of pietra dura work, although this is normally much smaller, and used on furniture. Architectural work from later periods tends to be called Intarsia.
In England, the technique was revived in the late 19th century by artists working in the Arts and Crafts movement. Charles Hardgrave, whose designs were executed by James Powell & Sons at the Whitefriars Glass Works, was a noted designer in the technique.
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