المعرفة

مازوريا

(تم التحويل من Masuria)
"Mazury" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة استخدامات أخرى، انظر Mazury (توضيح).

مازوريا (قالب:Audio-pl, ألمانية: Masuren؛ بالمازورية: Mazurÿ ؛ إنگليزية: Masuria) هي منطقة تاريخية في شمال شرق پولندا، تشتهر بوجود 2,000 بحيرة فيها.[1] تحتل مازوريا معظم منطقة البحيرات المازورية. إدارياً، هي جزء من الڤويڤودية الڤارمية-المازورية (منطقة ادارية/مقاطعة). أكبر مدنها، وكثيراً ما تُعتبر عاصمتها، هي Ełk (Elk). تغطي المنطقة نحو 10,000 كم² ويسكنها نحو 500,000 نسمة.

مازوريا
Mazury
Masuria
منطقة
Lake Niegocin
قارب شراعي في Lake Niegocin
Mazuria.png
Coat of arms
Masurian Lake District
Masuria occupies much of the Masurian Lake District
البلدپولندا
المنطقةالڤويڤودية الڤارمية-المازورية
المساحة
 • الإجمالي10٬000 كم² (4٬000 ميل²)
التعداد
 • الإجمالي500٬000
 • الكثافة50/km2 (130/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)

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التاريخ

 
خريطة الأراضي والمناطق التاريخية في پروسيا


القبائل الجرمانية الشرقية

The first known people in today's Mazuria were East Germanic tribes, such as the Scirii. [2] Finds from gravesites around Soldau and Neidenburg have become known as the Soldau-Neidenburg group of East Germanic culture.[3]

الپروس القدماء

للمزيد من المعلومات: الپروس القدماء

Before the 13th century, the territory was inhabited by the Old Prussians also called Baltic Prussians, a Baltic ethnic group that lived in Prussia (the area of the southeastern coastal region of the Baltic Sea neighbouring of the Baltic Sea around the Vistula Lagoon and the Curonian Lagoon). The territory later called Masuria was then known as Galindia and was probably a peripheral, deeply forested and lightly populated area. Its inhabitants spoke a language now known as Old Prussian and had their own mythology. Although a 19th-century German political entity bore their name, they were not Germans. They were converted to Roman Catholicism in the 13th century, after conquest by the Knights of the Teutonic Order.


دوقية پروسيا

 
The Saint Mary's Sanctuary in Święta Lipka at the border of historical Warmia and Masuria was consecrated by Jesuits in 1619. It was once the site of apparitions and miracles and is Poland's finest example of Baroque architecture.
 
A map of former historic Prussia with the Masurian region in purple.[4]

After the death of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia in 1618, his son-in-law John Sigismund, Margrave of Brandenburg, inherited the duchy (including Masuria), combining the two territories under a single dynasty and forming Brandenburg-Prussia. The Treaty of Wehlau revoked the sovereignty of the King of Poland in 1657.

مملكة پروسيا

البنية العرقية-اللغوية

Mother tongue of the inhabitants of Masuria, by county, during the first half of the 19th century:

Ethno-linguistic structure of Masurian counties in the first half of the 19th century, according to German data[5][6][7]
County (German name) Year Polish-speakers % German-speakers % Lithuanian-speakers % Total population
Gołdap (Goldap) 1825 3940 16% 17412 70% 3559 14% 24911
Olecko (Oletzko) 1832 23302 84% 4328 16% 22 0% 27652
Ełk (Lyck) 1832 29246 90% 3413 10% 4 0% 32663
Węgorzewo (Angerburg) 1825 12535 52% 11756 48% 60 0% 24351
Giżycko (Lötzen) 1832 20434 89% 2528 11% 25 0% 22987
Pisz (Johannisburg) 1825 28552 93% 2146 7% 0 0% 30698
Mrągowo (Sensburg) 1825 22391 86% 3769 14% 5 0% 26165
Szczytno (Ortelsburg) 1825 34928 92% 3100 8% 0 0% 38028
Nidzica (Neidenburg) 1825 27467 93% 2149 7% 1 0% 29617
Ostróda (Osterode) 1828 23577 72% 9268 28% 0 0% 32845
TOTAL 1825/32 226,372 78% 59,869 21% 3,676 1% 289,917

الامبراطورية الألمانية

 
Destructions of World War I at Arys (Orzysz)


مازوريا الپولندية — مقاطعة Działdowo

 
Baltic German settlers from occupied Lithuania arriving in Działdowo (Soldau), 1941


مازوريا بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية

 
بيت مازوري معاد بناؤه في متحف هواء طلق بالقرب من Węgorzewo

According to the Masurian Institute the Masurian members of resistance against Nazi Germany who survived the war, became active in 1945 in the region, working in Olsztyn in cooperation with new state authorities in administration, education and cultural affairs.[8] Historic Polish names for most of towns of Masuria were restored, but for some places new names were determined even if there were historic Polish names.

البسيطة

 
Kayaking on the Krutynia river

Masuria and the Masurian Lake District are known in Polish as Kraina Tysiąca Jezior and in German as Land der Tausend Seen, meaning "land of a thousand lakes." These lakes were ground out of the land by glaciers during the Pleistocene ice age around 14,000 - 15,000 years ago, when ice covered northeastern Europe. From that period originates the horn of a reindeer found in the vicinity of Giżycko.[9] By 10,000 BC this ice started to melt. Great geological changes took place and even in the last 500 years the maps showing the lagoons and peninsulas on the Baltic Sea have greatly altered in appearance. More than in other parts of northern Poland, such as from Pomerania (from the River Oder to the River Vistula), this continuous stretch of lakes is popular among tourists. The terrain is rather hilly, with connecting lakes, rivers and streams. Forests account for about 30% of the area.[10][11] The northern part of Masuria is covered mostly by the broadleaved forest, while the southern part is dominated by pine and mixed forests.[12][13]

Two largest lakes of Poland, Śniardwy and Mamry, are located in Masuria.


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البلدات الرئيسية

 
Ełk
 
Ostróda
 
Giżycko
 
Szczytno
 
Nidzica

أشخاص بارزون من مازوريا

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ It was a finalist in the Internet-based poll New7Wonders of Nature
  2. ^ Reinhard Pohanka (2014). Die Völkerwanderung (in الألمانية). marixverlag.
  3. ^ "Zur Geschichte des Kreises Neidenburg". Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  4. ^ Christofer Herrmann: Warmia i Mazury : przewodnik po zabytkach sztuki. Bartąg: Wydawnictwo Artes, 2008. ISBN 978-83-61049-24-1. p. 36
  5. ^ von Haxthausen, August (1839). Die ländliche verfassung in den einzelnen provinzen der Preussischen Monarchie (in الألمانية). Königsberg: Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 78–81.
  6. ^ Jasiński, Grzegorz (2009). "Statystyki językowe powiatów mazurskich z pierwszej połowy XIX wieku (do 1862 roku)" (PDF). Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in البولندية). 1: 97–130 – via BazHum.
  7. ^ Belzyt, Leszek (1996). "Zur Frage des nationalen Bewußtseins der Masuren im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (auf der Basis statistischer Angaben)". Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung (in الألمانية). Bd. 45, Nr. 1: 35–71. Archived from the original on 2019-10-03. Retrieved 2019-10-03 – via zfo-online.
  8. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة O nas
  9. ^ (in پولندية) Krajobraz kulturowy powiatu gołdapskiego, at www.dkgoldap.fr.pl Archived 2010-06-01 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ (in پولندية) Mazury, at www.strefamazury.pl Archived 2010-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ (in پولندية) Charakterystyka Pojezierza Mazurskiego, at www.bryk.pl
  12. ^ "Download Limit Exceeded". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.856.8111. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ "Masuria - Krutyn - Boat and canoeing trips on the Krutynia River". www.e-masuria.com. Retrieved 14 August 2018.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

Coordinates: 53°52′02″N 20°42′10″E / 53.86711°N 20.70279°E / 53.86711; 20.70279

الكلمات الدالة:
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