النمسا السفلى

Lower Austria

*Niederösterreich*
Lower Austria Niederösterreich
State
	Federal State of Lower Austria; Bundesland Niederösterreich (ألمانية); Bundesland Niedaöstareich (باڤارية); Spolková země Dolní Rakousy (تشيكية); Spolková krajina Dolné Rakúsko (سلوڤاكية)
	Flag Coat of arms
	النشيد: Niederösterreiche Landeshymne;
Country	نمسا
Capital	Sankt Pölten
الحكومة
• الكيان	Landtag of Lower Austria
• Governor	Johanna Mikl-Leitner (ÖVP)
• Deputy Governors	Udo Landbauer (FPÖ); Stephan Pernkopf (ÖVP);
المساحة
• الإجمالي	18٬901٫2 كم² (7٬297٫8 ميل²)
التعداد (1 January 2022)
• الإجمالي	1٬698٬796
• الكثافة	90/km2 (230/sq mi)
GDP
• Total	€76.878 billion (2024)
• Per capita	€44,515 (2024)
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+1 (CET)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 code	AT-3
HDI (2022)	0.893; very high · 8th of 9;
NUTS Region	AT1
Votes in Bundesrat	12 (of 62)
الموقع الإلكتروني	noe.gv.at

النمسا السفلى Niederösterreich هي أكبر ولايات النمسا مساحةً, و ثاني أكبر ولاياتها سكاناً.

الجغرافيا

With a land area of 19،186 km² (7،408 sq mi) situated east of Upper Austria, Lower Austria is the country's largest state. Lower Austria derives its name from its downriver location on the river Enns, which flows from the west to the east. Lower Austria has an international border, 414 km (257 mi) long, with the Czech Republic (South Bohemia and South Moravia) and Slovakia (Bratislava and Trnava Regions). The state has the second-longest external border of all Austrian states. It also borders the other Austrian states of Upper Austria, Styria and Burgenland as well as surrounding Vienna.

Lower Austria is divided into four regions, known as Viertel (quarters):

Mostviertel (above the Vienna Woods)
Industrieviertel (below the Vienna Woods)
Weinviertel (below the Manhartsberg)
Waldviertel (above the Manhartsberg)

These regions have different geographical structures. Whilst the Mostviertel is dominated by the foothills of the Limestone Alps with mountains up to 2٬000 m (AA) (6,500 ft) high, most of the Waldviertel is a granite plateau. The hilly Weinviertel lies to the northeast, descends to the plains of Marchfeld in the east of the state, and is separated by the Danube from the Vienna Basin to the south, which in turn is separated from the Vienna Woods by a line of thermal springs (the Thermenlinie) running north to south.^[4]

الجبال

Schneeberg (Klosterwappen; 2,076 m)
Rax (Scheibwaldhöhe; 1,943 m; highest summit: Heukuppe; 2,007 m – Styria)
Ötscher (1,893 m)
Dürrenstein (1,878 m)
Schneealpe (Ameisbühel; 1,828 m; highest summit: Windberg; 1,903 m – Styria)
Hochkar (1,808 m)
Gamsstein (1,774 m)
Stumpfmauer (1,770 m)
Göller (1,766 m)
Hochwechsel (1,743 m)
Gippel (1,669 m)
Großer Sonnleitstein (1,639 m)
Großer Zellerhut (1,639 m)
Gemeindealpe (1,626 m)
Scheiblingstein (1,622 m) (not to be confused with Scheiblingstein (2,197 m), which is in Styria)
Drahtekogel (1,565 m)
Sonnwendstein (1,523 m)
Obersberg (1,467 m)
Königsberg (1,452 m)
Großer Sulzberg (1,400 m)
Reisalpe (1,399 m)
Gahns (1,380 m)
Tirolerkogel (1,377 m)
Türnitzer Höger (1,372 m)
Unterberg (1,342 m)
Traisenberg (1,230 m)
Dürre Wand (1,222 m)
Hohenstein (1,195 m)
Eisenstein (1,185 m)
Hohe Wand (1,132 m)
Großer Peilstein (1,061 m)
Weinsberg (1,041 m)
Hocheck (1,036 m)
Nebelstein (1,017 m)
Eibl (1,007 m)
Hohe Mandling (967 m)
Jauerling (961 m)
Hoher Lindkogel also named Eisernes Tor (834 m)
Anninger (675 m)
Buschberg (491 m)

Other mountains in Lower Austria may be found at Category:Mountains of Lower Austria.

الممرات الجبلية

Semmering (985 m)
Wechsel (943 m)

The state border with Styria runs over both passes.

الأنهار

Almost all of Lower Austria is drained by the Danube. The only river that flows into the North Sea (via the Moldau and the Elbe) is the Lainsitz in northern Waldviertel.

The most important rivers north of the Danube (on its left bank) are the Ysper, Kamp, Krems, Lainsitz, March and Thaya. South of the Danube (on its right bank) are the Enns, Ybbs, Erlauf, Melk, Pielach, Traisen, Schwechat, Fischa, Schwarza, Triesting, Pitten and the Leitha.

البحيرات

Ottenstein Reservoir (4.3 km²)
Lunzer See (0.69 km²)
Erlaufsee (0.56 km², of which about half lies in Lower Austria)
Erlauf Reservoir
Wienerwaldsee (0.32 km²)

الكهوف

Lower Austria is rich in natural caves; in all 4,082 have been recorded. Most of the caves have formed in limestone and dolomite rocks and are therefore called karst caves. Cavities also form in the marble of the Central Alps and the Bohemian Massif. Among the largest caves in Lower Austria are:

Ötscherhöhlensystem (Ötscher): 27,003 m long; union of the Taubenloch and Geldloch
Pfannloch (Ötscher): 5,287 m long
Lechnerweidhöhle (Dürrenstein): 5,252 m long
Trockenes Loch (Schwarzenbach an der Pielach): 4,510 m long
Hermannshöhle (Kirchberg am Wechsel): 4,430 m long
Eisensteinhöhle (Bad Fischau): 2,341 m long

The last two are open as show caves, along with the Allander stalactite cave, the Unicorn Cave, the Hochkarschacht, the Nixhöhle and the Ötschertropfsteinhöhle.

استخدام الأراضي

Type of land use	Area in km²	Per cent of total area
Farmland	7,000	42
Woods	6,711	40
Grassland	1,750	11
Alpine pastures	300	1.7
Vineyards	315	1.9

التاريخ

Napoleon at the Battle of Wagram in July 1809

More than 200 Neolithic people were killed during the massacre in the Linear Pottery settlement area of Schletz 7000 years ago.^[5]

The history of Lower Austria is very similar to the history of Austria. Many castles are located in Lower Austria. Klosterneuburg Abbey, located here, is one of the oldest abbeys in Austria. Before World War II, Lower Austria had the largest number of Jews in the country.

The names Lower Austria and Upper Austria are derived from the earlier names Austria below the Enns and Austria above the Enns, references to the river Enns. Going down from its source on the northern edge of the Central Eastern Alps, the river crosses Upper Austria, then on its lower reaches forms the boundary between Upper Austria and Lower Austria.^[6]

In the mid-13th century, it became known as the Principality below the river Enns (Fürstentum unter der Enns).

The Battle on the Marchfeld on 26 August 1278 marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the House of Habsburg in Austria and Central Europe.

During the Ottoman wars in Europe, Lower Austria was the target of repeated raids by the Tatars and Ottoman Akinji mounted paramilitary units, with many people taken into slavery.^[7]

Lower Austria was the site of the Battles of Wagram and Aspern, fought between invading French troops under Napoleon and an Austrian army led by Archduke Charles in 1809.

الاقتصاد

The gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 61.0 billion € in 2018, accounting for 15.8% of Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 32,300 €, or 107% of the EU27 average in the same year. Lower Austria is the state with the second-lowest GDP per capita in Austria.^[8]

النقل

Air travel to the state is served by Vienna International Airport, which is located in the town of Schwechat, Lower Austria. Some western parts of Lower Austria are also served by the much smaller Linz Airport, while the east is additionally served by Bratislava Airport.

السكان

التعداد التاريخي

السنة	تعداد	±%
1869	1٬077٬232	—
1880	1٬152٬767	+7.0%
1890	1٬213٬471	+5.3%
1900	1٬310٬506	+8.0%
1910	1٬425٬238	+8.8%
1923	1٬426٬885	+0.1%

السنة	تعداد	±%
1934	1٬446٬675	+1.4%
1939	1٬455٬373	+0.6%
1951	1٬400٬471	−3.8%
1961	1٬374٬012	−1.9%
1971	1٬420٬816	+3.4%
1981	1٬427٬849	+0.5%

السنة	تعداد	±%
1991	1٬473٬813	+3.2%
2001	1٬545٬804	+4.9%
2011	1٬614٬693	+4.5%
2021	1٬698٬951	+5.2%
2025	1٬727٬514	+1.7%

Source: Censuses^[9]

التقسيمات الإدارية

Lower Austria is divided into four regions: Waldviertel, Mostviertel, Industrieviertel, and Weinviertel. The Wachau valley, situated between Melk and Krems in the Mostviertel region, is famous for its landscape, culture, and wine.

Administratively, the state is divided into 20 districts (Bezirke), and four independent towns (Statutarstädte). In total, there are 573 municipalities within Lower Austria.^[10]

البلدات المستقلة

Districts

المدن والبلدات

المقاطعات

وصلات خارجية

Land Niederösterreich
PhotoGlobe - georeferenced photos of Lower Austria

إحداثيات: [http:https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%84%D9%89&params=48_20_N_15_45_E_region:AT-3_type:adm1st 48°20′N, 15°45′E]

^ "Niederösterreichs Landtag besiegelt Schwarz-Blau – mit einer Minderheit für Mikl-Leitner". 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat". www.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database" (in الإنجليزية). Global Data Lab. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
^ "Visitor-Information". www.lower-austria.info. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
^ Eva Maria Wild et al.: Neolithic Massacres: Local Skirmishes or General Warfare in Europe? In: Radiocarbon. Volume 46, No 1, 2004, S. 377–385, text
^ "History of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag". noe-landtag.gv.at (in الألمانية النمساوية). Retrieved 2020-01-14.
^ Brian Glyn Williams (2013). "The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" (PDF). The Jamestown Foundation. pp. 30–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.
^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.
^ "Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA". Statistics Austria.
^ "Lower Austria in Numbers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-14.

الكلمات الدالة:

النمسا

[governor-1] "Niederösterreichs Landtag besiegelt Schwarz-Blau – mit einer Minderheit für Mikl-Leitner". 24 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.

[2] "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat". www.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 18 September 2023.

[GlobalDataLab-3] "Sub-national HDI - Area Database" (in الإنجليزية). Global Data Lab. Retrieved 2018-09-13.

[4] "Visitor-Information". www.lower-austria.info. Retrieved 2020-01-14.

[5] Eva Maria Wild et al.: Neolithic Massacres: Local Skirmishes or General Warfare in Europe? In: Radiocarbon. Volume 46, No 1, 2004, S. 377–385, text

[6] "History of Lower Austria – NÖ Landtag". noe-landtag.gv.at (in الألمانية النمساوية). Retrieved 2020-01-14.

[7] Brian Glyn Williams (2013). "The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" (PDF). The Jamestown Foundation. pp. 30–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.

[8] "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018". Eurostat.

[9] "Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA". Statistics Austria.

[10] "Lower Austria in Numbers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-14.

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