نهر العاصي
نهر العاصي هو نهر ينبع في لبنان ويمر في سوريا ليصب في البحر المتوسط. ينبع نهر العاصي من أعالي سهل البقاع في لبنان وليس له منبع وحيد بل ثلاث مجموعات من المنابع أهمها مجموعة منابع اللبوة وعين فليكة ورأس بعلبك، ومجموعة منابع عين الزرقا وشواغير الهرمل من سفوح الجبال الغربية، ومجموعة منابع الزراعة قرب بلدة جوسية في شمال البقاع، حيث يدخل بعدها إلى الأراضي السورية ليشكل وادى العاصي المعروف في سوريا. يمر أولا في مدينة حمص وبعدها يمر في مدينة حماة حيث أقيمت عليه نواعير عملاقة هي الأكبر من نوعها في العالم وتنتشر على جنبات النهر البساتين والخضرة. يتجه النهر إلى الشمال ليصل مدينة أنطاكية في لواء اسكندرونة السوري الواقع اليوم تحت السيطرة التركية، ثم يصب في البحر المتوسط. يبلغ طوله 571 كم. توفر السدود المقامة على العاصي في سوريا الري لمساحات شاسعة من الأراضي.
| نهر العاصي Orontes | |
|---|---|
 نواعير حماة على نهر العاصي في سوريا | |
 Map of the Orontes. White lines are country borders, river names are italic on a blue background, current cities or major towns on white backgrounds, other places of significance on orange backgrounds. | |
| الموقع | |
| البلد | لبنان, سوريا, تركيا |
| المدن | حمص, حماة, جسر الشغور، أنطاكية |
| السمات الطبيعية | |
| المنبع | منابع اللبوة وعين الزرقا، نبع الزراعة |
| ⁃ الموقع | سهل البقاع, لبنان |
| ⁃ الإحداثيات | 34°11′49″N 36°21′9″E / 34.19694°N 36.35250°E |
| ⁃ المنسوب | 910 متر منابع عين الزرقا، منابع الزراعة في شمال البقاع |
| المصب | السويدية |
- الموقع | محافظة هاتاي، تركيا |
- الإحداثيات | 36°2′43″N 35°57′49″E / 36.04528°N 35.96361°ECoordinates: 36°2′43″N 35°57′49″E / 36.04528°N 35.96361°E |
| الطول | 571 km (355 mi) |
| مساحة الحوض | 24,660[1] km2 (9,520 sq mi) |
| التدفق | |
| ⁃ المتوسط | 11 m3/s (390 cu ft/s) |
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سبب التسمية
سمي بهذا الاسم لأنه يجري بعكس اتجاه أنهار المنطقة أي من الجنوب نحو الشمال.
In the 9th century BCE, the ancient Assyrians referred to the river as Arantu, and the nearby Egyptians called it Araunti.[2] The etymology of the name is unknown,[2] yet some sources indicate that it might be derived from Arnt which means "lioness" in Syriac languages;[أ] others called it Alimas, a "water goddess" in Aramaic.[3] However, Arantu gradually became "Orontes" in Greek.
In the Greek epic poem Dionysiaca (circa 400 CE), the river is said to have been named after Orontes, an Indian military leader who killed himself and fell into the river after losing to Dionysus in single combat.[4] According to the Greek geographer Strabo (in Geographica, circa 20 CE), the river was originally named Typhon, because it was said that Zeus had struck the dragon Typhon down from the sky with thunder, and the river had formed where Typhon's body had fallen;[5] however, the river was later renamed Orontes when a man named Orontes built a bridge on it.[5][ب]
In contrast, Macedonian settlers in Apamea named it the Axius, after a Macedonian river god. The Arabic name العاصي (al-‘Āṣī) is derived from the ancient Axius. The word coincidentally means "insubordinate" in Arabic, which folk etymology ascribes to the fact that the river flows from the south to the north unlike the rest of the rivers in the region.[8][9]
The part of the river flowing from Lake Homs to Homs is known as al-Mimas,[10][11] after the sanctuary of Deir Mimas situated there in honor of Saint Mamas.[12]
المسار
The Orontes rises in the springs near Labweh in Lebanon on the east side of the Beqaa Valley (in the Beqaa Governorate) between Mount Lebanon on the west and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains on the east, very near the source of the southward-flowing Litani, and runs north, falling 600 metres (2,000 ft) through a gorge to leave the valley.[1] The Ain ez Zarqa is one such major spring.[13] Other major springs are Al Ghab, Al Rouj, and Al-Azraq.[1]
Leaving this gorge, it expands into the Lake of Homs (an artificial lake created by a Roman-era dam, also known as Qattinah lake) in the Homs Governorate of Syria and through the city of Homs (or Ḥimṣ). Next it flows through the Hama Governorate and its capital of Hamah (Hamaih-Epiphaneia), and the ancient site of Larissa (Shaizar). This is where the river enters the سهل الغاب. Further downstream, on the eastern edge of the Ghab, is located the ancient city of Apamea.[1] To the west is the Coastal Mountain Range. The last Syrian governorate it goes through is Idlib and the city of Jisr al-Shughur. This section ends at the rocky barrier of Jisr al-Hadid, where the river turns west into the plain of Antioch (Amik Valley) in the Hatay Province of Turkey.[1]
Two major tributaries, the southward-flowing Afrin River on the west and the Karasu on the east, join the Orontes through the former Lake Amik via an artificial channel (Nahr al-Kowsit). Passing north of Antakya (ancient Antioch), the Orontes dives southwest into a gorge (compared by the ancients to Tempe), and falls 50 metres (160 ft) in 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to the sea just south of Samandağ (former Suedia, in antiquity Seleucia Pieria), after a total course of 450 kilometres (280 mi).[1]
| Name | Nearest City | Year | Height (m) | Capacity (million m3) | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Rastan | Homs | 1960 | 67 | 228 | |
| Qattinah | Homs | 1976 | 7 | 200 | originally built 284 CE |
| Mouhardeh | Hama | 1960 | 41 | 67 | |
| Zeyzoun | Hamah | 1995 | 43 | 71 | failed 2002 |
| Kastoun | Hamah | 1992 | 20 | 27 |
التاريخ
The Orontes is not easily navigable and the valley derives its historical importance as a road for north–south traffic; from Antioch south to Homs and thence to Damascus via al-Nabek.[1] The Orontes has long been a boundary marker. For the Ancient Egyptians it marked the northern extremity of Amurru, east of Phoenicia. On the Orontes was fought the major Battle of Kadesh (circa 1274 BCE) between the Egyptian army of Ramesses II from the south and the Hittite army of Muwatalli II from the north. The river was also the site of the Battle of Qarqar fought in 853 BCE, when the army of Assyria, led by king Shalmaneser III, encountered an allied army of 12 kings led by Hadadezer of Damascus.
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Alexander the Great acquired the river valley after the defeat of the Persians in 333 BCE at the Battle of Issus. After his death in 323 BCE, it became part of the Seleucid Empire.
Seleucid cities founded on the Orontes included Seleucia ad Belum, Antigonia, and Antioch. Several Hellenistic artefacts feature the Tyche of Antioch with a male swimmer personifying the Orontes at her feet.
In 64 BCE Pompey took the Orontes river valley and made it part of the new Roman province of Syria with Antioch as its capital. Lake Homs Dam was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian in 290 CE.[بحاجة لمصدر] In addition to Lake Homs, further Roman dams and dykes would be built along the Orontes river around Apamea, to better irrigate the Ghab plain. In 198 CE the province was split with the lower Orontes in the new province of Coele Syria and the upper Orontes from Emesa (modern day Homs) south in Syria Phoenice. Emesa was later raised to co-capital of the latter.
In 637 CE the Battle of the Iron Bridge near Antioch was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire near the Iron bridge and won by the former which shortly took control of the whole of the river valley.
For the Crusaders in the 12th century, the Orontes River became the permanent boundary between the Principality of Antioch and that of Aleppo.
The construction of a Syria–Turkey Friendship Dam was started in 2011 but postponed because of the Syrian Civil War.
في الفن
The French writer Maurice Barrès purportedly transcribed in Un jardin sur l'Oronte (1922) a story that an Irish archaeologist had translated for him from a manuscript one evening in June 1914 at a café in Hama by the Orontes.
انظر أيضا
- النواعير
- المينا على العاصي – archaeological site at the mouth of the Orontes
- بعلبك – a town and archaeological site just to the south of the source of the Orontes
- تل طعينات وتل العطشانة – archaeological sites near each other in Hatay
- Water resources management in Syria
ملاحظات
- ^ The source of the river Orontes is the village of Labweh, which also means "lioness".
- ^ Pliny the Elder mentioned a tributary of the Orontes as Marsyas river (named after Marsyas).[6] The same tributary was drawn by Richard Pococke to the east of the Orontes in the al-Ghab plain near Apamea.[7]
المراجع
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةaquastat - ^ أ ب Gaston Maspero. History of Egypt, Chaldæa, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria (Complete). p. 1348.
- ^ Ballabio, R.; Comair, F.G.; Scalet, M.; Scoullos, M. (2015). Science diplomacy and transboundary water management: the Orontes River case. UNESCO Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 9789230000172.
- ^ Nonnos of Panopolis (20 July 2015). Delphi Complete Dionysiaca of Nonnus (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. pp. book 17.
- ^ أ ب "LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XVI Chapter 2". penelope.uchicago.edu (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- ^ "Marsyas". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.
- ^ Richard Pococke (1743). A description of the East, and some other countries Vol. II. William Bowyer. p. 140.
- ^ Fitchett, Joseph; Deford, McAdams (1973). "A River Called Rebel". Aramco World (May/June): 12–21. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ Getzel M. Cohen. The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa. p. 100.
- ^ Dussaud, René. Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale (in الفرنسية). p. 103.
- ^ عمر فاروق الطباع (2016). ديوان البحتري 1/2 Diwan of Buhturi. Beirut: دار الارقم بن ابي الارقم. p. 169.
- ^ مصطفى الصوفي (2017). طقوس احتفالات المواسم والأعياد الربيعية. ktab INC.
- ^ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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وصلات خارجية
- Pop-up map of the Orontes River available at: Alhajji, E.; Ismail, I.M. (2011). "Trace elements concentration in sediments of Orontes River using PIXE technique". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 269 (16): 1818–1821. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2011.05.006.
- Map of the Orontes River Basin: "Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia: Orontes Basin" (PDF). United Nations. 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- صورة الساتل (القمر الصناعي) لمنابع نهر العاصي.