اللغات المنغولية
اللغات المنغولية Mongolic languages هي مجموعة من اللغات المتكلـَّمة في شرق ووسط آسيا، معظمهم في منغوليا والمناطق المحيطة، زائد كالميكيا. وأفضل أفراد تلك العائلة اللغوية، المنغولية، هي اللغة الرئيسية لمعظم سكان منغوليا والمنغول المقيمون في منغوليا الداخلية، الصين والمقدر عددهم بنحو 5.7+ مليون متكلم.[3]
| المنغولية Mongolic | |
|---|---|
| التوزيع الجغرافي: | — |
| التبويب اللغوي: | خيتان–Mongolic?[1] (see below) Otherwise one of the world's primary language families |
| اللغة الأولية: | المنغولية الأولية |
| الأقسام: | |
| ISO 639-5: | xgn |
| Glottolog: | mong1329[2] |
 التوزيع الجغرافي للغات المنغولية | |
The closest relative of the Mongolic languages appears to be the extinct language Khitan.[1] Some linguists have grouped Mongolic with Turkic, Tungusic, and possibly Koreanic and Japonic as part of a larger Altaic family,[4] but this has been widely disputed.
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التبويب
- Middle Mongol (depending on classification spoken from the 13th century until the early 15th century[5] or late 16th century[6]—given the almost entire lack of written sources for the period in-between, an exact cut-off point cannot be established)
- Classical Mongolian, from approximately 1700 to 1900
الهامش
- ^ أ ب Juha Janhunen (2006). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. p. 393. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "المنغولية". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Svantesson et al. (2005:141)
- ^ e.g. Starostin, Dybo & Mudrak (2003); contra e.g. Vovin (2005)
- ^ Rybatzki (2003:57)
- ^ Poppe (1964:1)
المراجع
- Andrews, Peter A. (1999). Felt tents and pavilions: the nomadic tradition and its interaction with princely tentage, Volume 1. Melisende. ISBN 1-901764-03-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Janhunen, Juha, ed. (2003). The Mongolic languages. Routledge Language Family Series. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1133-3.
- Janhunen, Juha. 2012. Khitan – Understanding the language behind the scripts. SCRIPTA, Vol. 4: 107–132.
- Janhunen, Juha (2006). "Mongolic languages". In Brown, K. (ed.). The encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 231–234.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Luvsanvandan, Š. (1959). "Mongol hel ajalguuny učir". Mongolyn sudlal. 1.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Nugteren, Hans (2011). Mongolic Phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu Languages (Ph.D.). Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics / Landelijke – LOT.
{{cite thesis}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Poppe, Nicholas (1964) [1954]. Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Sechenbaatar, Borjigin (2003). The Chakhar dialect of Mongol – A morphological description. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society.
- [Sechenbaatar] Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a, B. ǰirannige, U Ying ǰe. (2005). Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ.
- Starostin, Sergei A.; Dybo, Anna V.; Mudrak, Oleg A. (2003). Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzén, Vivan (2005). The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Vovin, Alexander (2005). "The end of the Altaic controversy (review of Starostin et al. 2003)". Central Asiatic Journal. 49 (1): 71–132.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Vovin, Alexander. 2007. Once again on the Tabgač language. Mongolian Studies XXIX: 191–206.
وصلات خارجية
- Ethnic map of Mongolia
- Monumenta Altaica grammars, texts, dictionaries and bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages
