جبلة بن الأيهم
جبلة بن الأيهم بن جبلة بن الحارث بن أبي شمر، واسمه المنذر بن الحارث، وهو آخر ملوك الغساسنة في الشام. حكم ما بين عامي 632 و 638 ميلادية. وكان بذلك الملك السادس والثلاثين في سلالة الغساسنة الذين كانوا متحالفين مع الروم قبل الإسلام، وهم من النصارى العرب.
ولما خاف على حكمه من الزوال لما كان عليه من حروب مع البيزنطة أسلم ثم كتب إلى الخليفة عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه يستأذنه في القدوم عليه، ثم قدم إلى المدينة و لما دخل على عمر رضي الله عنه رحب به وادنى مجلسه! ثم خرج في موسم الحج مع عمر رضي الله عنه فبينما هو يطوف بالبيت إذ وطىء على ازاره رجل فقير من بني فزارة فالتفت اليه جبلة مغضبا فلطمه فهشم انفه فغضب الفزاري واشتكاه إلى عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه فبعث اليه فقال: ما دعاك يا جبلة إلى أن لطمت اخاك في الطواف فهشمت انفه! فقال: إنه وطىء إزاري ولولا حرمة البيت لضربت عنقه. فقال له عمر: أما الآن فقد أقررت، فإما أن ترضيه وإلا أقتص منك بلطمك على وجهك.
قال: يقتص مني وأنا ملك وهو سوقة! قال عمر رضي الله عنه: يا جبلة ان الإسلام قد ساوى بينك وبينه، فما تفضله بشيء إلا التقوى. قال جبلة: إذن أتنصر ... قال عمر رضي الله عنه: من بدل دينه فاقتلوه.
وحدثت منازعة بين بني جبلة وبني فزارة كادت تؤدي إلى حرب دامية وبعدها اجلت الحرب إلى غد وحينها لما كان الليل خرج جبلة وأصحابه من مكة وسار إلى القسطنطينية فتنصر، ثم ما زال على نصرانيته حتى مات.
وهذه الرواية لم تثبت صحتها فليس مقطوعه الصحة، فقد قال ابن عساكر: إنه لم يسلم قط، وهكذا صرح به الواحدي وسعيد بن عبد العزيز.[1]
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Sources
There are no contemporary sources about Jabala, with the narratives of his life derived from Abbasid-era (post-750 CE) literature. However, a seal dated to the late 6th or early 7th century inscribed with the words 'Gabala, patrikios' next to etches of Christian crosses has led to speculative identification with Jabala ibn al-Ayham by the historian Irfan Shahid.[2]
Life
In the stories of Jabala in the Islamic literature, he is figured as the last Ghassanid king and a military leader of the Byzantine Empire's Christian Arab contingent during the Muslim conquest of Syria. He is cited in such a capacity during the siege of Dumat al-Jandal in ح. 630, where he commands the Ghassanids and Tanukhid tribes against the Muslims, at the Battle of Yarmouk in 636, during which the Muslim Arabs routed the Byzantines and went on to conquer Syria from them.[2] According to the Abbasid-era authors Ibn Ishaq, al-Waqidi, and al-Baladhuri, in Yarmouk, Jabala led 12,000 men of the Ghassanids and the other Christian tribes of Lakhm, Judham, and groups of the Quda'a tribe, such as the Balqayn and Bali.[3]
The Islamic literature abounds with stories of Jabala's conversion to Islam sometime after Yarmouk, then leaving Islam and taking refuge under Emperor Heraclius. There are different versions of the stories, but they generally have Jabala arrive to the Muslim capital at Medina with his entourage, set off for the Hajj pilgrimage with Caliph Umar, have an altercation with a lowly pilgrim whose he ultimately breaks, threaten to leave Islam, and finally make a nightly escape which ends with his relocation to Byzantine territory.[2]
Jabala's flight to Byzantium supposedly occurred in ح. 639 and he made the trek through Raqqa (Byzantine Callinicum) with tens of thousands of his or allied Christian Arab tribesmen, thereafter taking abode in the Khersana region of Byzantine Anatolia. The geographer al-Istakhri mentions the descendants of these tribesmen in that region during the 10th century. According to the historian Walter Kaegi, the purported flight of so many Arab tribesmen was a motivating factor for the Muslims to conquer Raqqa and Upper Mesopotamia in general, so as to prevent such nomadic exodus from the conquered lands to Byzantium; such exodus contravened caliph Umar's policy of subjugating all nomadic Arab tribes under the Caliphate's rule.[4]
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عودته للمسيحية
Nicephorus I was Byzantine Emperor from 802-811. In the section on him in his Chronicon, Bar Hebraeus (d. 1258) tells the story of an Arab Christian man named Gabbālā from the days of ʿUmar al-Khaṭṭāb (second caliph), according to which Gabbālā, who had became a Muslim
punched a man who had offended him in the nose.ʿUmar tells Gabbālā that he must either make peace w/this man or let him break his own nose. Gabbālā responds, “Give me the night to think about it” but he gets up in the middle of the night w/his companions, flees to Cappadocia
..and becomes a Christian again. From this man (Gabbālā), tells us Bar Hebraeus, descended Nicephorus - a strong man who fasted and prayed. [5]
Assessment
Shahid considers the existence of Jabala as possible "evidence" for the Byzantines' revival of the Ghassanid phylarchate following its destruction during the Sasanian Persian invasion of Byzantine Syria in 614.[6] In the view of historian Julia Bray, Jabala's references in the Islamic liteature represents "the archetype" of the bygone era "of jahiliyya, Christianity, and kingship" in Arab history, and the transition to the new Islamic era.[2] The historian Greg Fisher assesses Jabala as "a semi-mythical figure" used in the literature to "test the purity of the new [Muslim] faith, celebrate the greatness of the empire that the muhajirun [Muslim conquerors] supplanted, and serve all kinds of other useful literary and rhetorical purposes".[2]
المراجع
- ^ البداية والنهاية لابن كثير - الجزء 8
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Fisher 2020.
- ^ Donner 1981, pp. 132, 364.
- ^ Kaegi 1995, pp. 171–172, 248–249.
- ^ https://twitter.com/GabrielSaidR/status/1608875858156216321.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Shahid 1965, p. 354.
Bibliography
- Donner, Fred M. (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05327-8.
- Fisher, Greg (2020). "Arab Statesmen in the Sixth Century". Rome, Persia, and Arabia: Shaping the Middle East from Pompey to Muhammad. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780429356483.
- Kaegi, Walter E. (1995). Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41172-6.
- Shahid, I. (1965). "Djabala b. al-Ayham". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 354. ISBN 90-04-07026-5.
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Further reading
- Bray, Julia (2005). "Abbasid Myth and the Human Act: Ibn 'Abd Rabbih and Others". In Kennedy, Philip F. (ed.). On Fiction and Adab in Medieval Arabic Literature. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1–50. ISBN 3-447-05182-5.