برينتري، إسكس

برينتري Braintree هي بلدة في إسكس، إنگلترة. وهي التجمع السكاني الرئيسي في Braintree District، وتقع على بعد 10 أميال شمال شرق تشلمسفورد و 15 ميل غرب كولتشستر. According to the 2011 Census, the town had a population of 41,634, while the urban area, which includes Great Notley, Rayne and High Garrett, had a population of 53,477.

Braintree
Braintree Town Hall Centre in 2005
Braintree Location within Essex
Population	53٬477 (2011)
OS grid reference	TL7522
District	Braintree
Shire county	Essex
Region	East
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	BRAINTREE
Postcode district	CM7, CM77
Dialling code	01376
Police	Essex
Fire	Essex
Ambulance	East of England
EU Parliament	East of England
UK Parliament	Braintree

Braintree has grown contiguously with several surrounding settlements. Braintree proper lies on the River Brain and to the south of Stane Street, the Roman road from Braughing to Colchester, while Bocking lies on the River Blackwater and to the north of the road. The two are sometimes referred to together as Braintree and Bocking, and in 1 April 1934 they formed the civil parish of that name, which is now unparished.

Braintree is bypassed by the modern-day A120 and A131 roads, while trains serve two stations in the town, at the end of the Braintree Branch Line.

Braintree is twinned with Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France, and gives its name to the towns of Braintree, Massachusetts and Braintree, Vermont, in the United States.

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 أصل الاسم

The origin of the name is obscure. Braintree was also called 'Brantry' and 'Branchetreu' in the Domesday Book. Another variation can be seen in various Medieval Latin legal records, where it appears as "Branktre". In many early American Colonial documents, it is referred to as Branktry.

One theory is that Braintree was originally Branoc's tree, Branoc apparently being an ancient name. Another theory is that the name is derived from that of Rayne, which was actually the more important settlement in Norman times. A third theory is that the name means "settlement by the river Bran or Braint". The name "Braint" is well attested as a river name in Britain; there is a river of that name in Anglesey, and it may be conjectured that it was the name of the Blackwater in pre-Saxon times, although the Celtic name "Bran" is also used widely for rivers (derived from the British word for a crow and thought to refer to the dark or crow-black appearance of such a river, making it a good fit for a river now called "Blackwater"). The suffix to either Braint or Bran is the Common Brittonic word tre widely found in Wales and Cornwall, but also noted in other town names such as Daventry, with the meaning, initially, of a farm or settlement and later a town.

 التاريخ

منظر عام لبرينتري، في 1851.

 People

• Henry Adams – ancestor of US Presidents John Adams (also a Founding Father) and John Quincy Adams; emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Braintree around 1638.
• Beans on Toast – folk singer.
• James Challis – astronomer, born in Braintree 12 December 1803.
• The Courtauld family – one of the most prominent families of Braintree and Bocking during the 19th century. Their highly successful silk business made them very rich, and provided much employment in the area. They were very major benefactors to Braintree & Bocking, e.g. Town Hall, Corner House, Leahurst Hostel, William Julien Courtauld Hospital, land and buildings for the High School, Public Gardens, Institute.
• Rupert Everett – actor born in Norfolk, 1959, spent a short time as a child in Braintree and frequented the former Embassy Cinema (now closed and occupied by Wetherspoons).
• Steve Harley – singer/composer and founder of Cockney Rebel, lived in Bradford Street, Braintree, from 1969 to 1971. He worked as a reporter for the Braintree and Witham Times under his real name Stephen Nice. The novelist Jay Merrick, author of Horse Latitudes, worked on the newspaper at the same time under his real name John Thompson.
• Lawrence D. Hills – founded the Henry Doubleday Research Association headquarters and test site at Bocking, and also developed the Bocking 14 strain of comfrey, which has properties of particular interest to organic gardeners.
• Barry Douglas Lamb – avant-garde/experimental composer and musician, lived in Braintree following the demise of the insane picnic from 1989 to 1993. Although this appears to have been a period of very little musical output on his part, there is an unofficial recording from the period called "Braintree – the concubine harvester".
• Giles Long MBE – triple Paralympic Gold medallist and former World Record holder in the 100m Butterfly lived in Braintree from 1979 to 1994, briefly returning in 2007. He swam for Braintree and Bocking Swimming Club 1986 to 1996.
• Olly Murs – singer and TV personality, was educated at Notley High School for five years.
• Next of Kin – pop group who had two top 40 hits in 1999.
• Louisa Nottidge – Wilkie Collins' The Woman in White – was born at Fulling Mill House, Bradford Street in 1802.
• Andy Overall (و. 1959) – vocalist, songsmith, performer with '80s band Blue Zoo
• Katherine Parnell – younger sister of Sir Evelyn Wood (below), and wife of Irish Nationalist leader, Charles Parnell.
• Andrew Phillips, Baron Phillips of Sudbury – noted politician and lawyer in the field of civil liberties who lived in Bradford Street, Braintree for much of the 1980s
• The Prodigy – dance music group. The band's leader Liam Howlett was educated at Alec Hunter High School. Howlett caused indignation among some residents when he criticised the town in an interview for the music magazine Q. He reportedly used "an abusive term". He and fellow band member Keith Flint moved out of the town around 1998, to live in seclusion in a small village 5 or 6 miles (8 or 10 kilometres) west.
• John Ray (1627–1705) – naturalist, born in nearby Black Notley.
• Louie Spence – dance expert, choreographer and television personality.
• Sir Evelyn Wood, (1838–1919) – field marshal, Victoria Cross recipient.

 للاستزادة

Published histories of Braintree & Bocking include:

• May Cunnington & Stephen Warner:'Braintree & Bocking'(1906);
• W. F. Quinn: A History of Braintree & Bocking (Lavenham Press, 1981);
• Michael Baker: The Book of Braintree & Bocking (Barracuda Books, 1981, Baron Books 1992);
• John Marriage: Braintree & Bocking A Pictorial History (Phillimore, 1994).
• Joan M Richmond: Nine Letters from an Artist The Families of William Gillard (Porphyrogenitus, 2015). ISBN 978-1-871328-19-6.

 وصلات خارجية

• Activ Braintree online guide for the Braintree Area
• Braintree District Council