الغزو القرمي لموسكو (1521)
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الغزو القرمي لموسكو، حدث عام 1521، وهو جزء من الحرب الروسية القرمية، وأسفر عن حرق موسكو بالكامل، وتراوحت اعداد القتلى من 10.000 إلى مئات من الآلاف.
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خلفية
The contradictions between Moscow Rus and the Crimean Khanate began after the collapse of the Great Horde in 1502, and, in particular, were associated with influence in the Kazan Khanate . If Vasily III advocated the accession of Khan Shah-Ali there, then the Khan of Crimea Mehmed I Giray - for his brother Sahib Giray [2] .
The previous Khan Shah-Ali , who grew up in Kasimov , was placed on the throne in 1519 with the support of the Moscow government at the age of 13. His reign was accompanied by the active intervention of the Russian ambassador Fyodor Karpov in all the affairs of the Kazan Khanate, which ultimately caused an increase in anti-Russian sentiment. In 1521, a conspiracy matured in Kazan with the aim of enthroning the Crimean prince Sahib Giray , brother of the ruling in the Crimea , Mohammed Giray. The Crimean Khanate recommended him to this throne back in 1519, but then Moscow was able to hold its candidacy. Sahib Giray with a small detachment managed to secretly approach Kazan and, with the support of Kazan supporters, carry out a coup d'état, as a result of which Shah Ali was removed from power. He was allowed to go to Moscow with a small detachment. But in Kazan, 5,000 people of his Kasimov guard and the Russian detachment of the voivode V. Yu. Podzhogin were destroyed . There was a pogrom of Russian merchants in the city, who were robbed and arrested.
After that, Mehmed Giray decided to organize a campaign against Russia, despite the fact that Suleiman I found out about this and, not wanting to spoil relations with Moscow, demanded that the campaign be abandoned
التعبئة
Mehmed I Giray gathered a huge army of up to 100,000 people. In addition to almost the entire Crimean horde, it included Nogai and Lithuanians under the voivodeship of Evstafy Dashkevich , and then the Kazan Tatars joined. A more accurate estimate is given by V. V. Penskaya - 30-35 thousand people, of which 20-25 thousand were Crimeans. What is known about the size of the Lithuanian detachment is that in 1521 the Rada advised Sigismund to send a detachment of 200 cavalry and infantry with 2 guards to Mehmed Giray.
Vasily III “didn’t expect a scolding from anywhere and didn’t prepare a scolding for anyone at that time, but many of his military people were then in their areas without fear,” so he hardly managed to gather troops and send him to the Oka. Considering the experience of the previous attack in 1517 , the main forces were located in the Tula direction. In the Serpukhov area , regiments were located under the command of 8 governors and 9 heads and the court of Prince Andrei Ivanovich with 1 governor. Another group of troops under the command of 3 governors was stationed in the Kashira region , the third, under the command of 5 governors and 6 heads - in the Tarusa region . The grouping under the command of 6 governors and 3 heads was deployed along the Ugra , it was joined by the court of the princeYuri Ivanovich with 2 governors. A garrison was stationed in Kolomna under the command of two governors. According to V.V. Pensky, the number of Russian troops in the central direction was about 6,000 boyar children , along with their people and pishchalniks - about 15 thousand, not counting the Koschevoi. The total number in the central and southwestern direction is up to 20-25 thousand people, of which up to 9 thousand are children of boyars. VV Penskoy estimates the number of boyar children who were under the command of the voivode, from 150 to 250 people, and under the command of the head - about 100 or less. The total number of Russian troops deployed against Mehmed Giray and located from the territories west of Kaluga to Nizhny Novgorod is estimated at 35-40 thousand people, and taking into account the western, northwestern (Lithuanian) and eastern (Kazan) directions - up to 55 thousand [ 2] .
The allied troops of the Kazanians and Crimeans simultaneously invaded Russia from the east and south. They also tried to attract the Astrakhan Khanate to the union - the Crimean government sent an embassy there, however, the union with Astrakhan did not take place. The Crimean army was significantly reinforced by Nogai detachments. The fact is that the lands of the Nogai Horde were captured by the Kazakh Khanate in 1519, led by Khan Kasim , and many Nogai fled from them to the west into the possessions of the Crimean Khan and recognized themselves as his subjects.
معركة الأوكا
Crimean troops on July 28, 1521 approached the Oka near Kolomna and crossed over it. In Kolomna there was a small garrison, which could not offer resistance. With a great delay, the Russian troops arrived in time under the command of the young and inexperienced governor D.F. Belsky , with whom the sovereign's brother Andrei was . They, not heeding the advice of experienced governors, acted incorrectly, as a result of which the Moscow regiments were defeated, probably one by one, by a significantly superior enemy in numbers. The Russian army suffered heavy losses, including the deaths of governors Ivan Andreevich Sheremetyev , Vladimir Mikhailovich Karamyshev-Kurbsky, Yakov and Yuri Mikhailovich Zamyatnin, Fedor Vasilyevich Lopata-Obolensky was captured . After the battle, the Moscow troops withdrew to the cities, and the Crimean troops began to ravage the surroundings of Kolomna.
تهديد موسكو
The Kazan army under the leadership of Sahib Giray took Nizhny Novgorod , devastated the outskirts of Vladimir and moved to join the Crimean army along the Oka to Kolomna. Tatar troops united in Kolomna and began to jointly advance on Moscow .
The offensive was accompanied by the ruin of the villages, whose inhabitants were captured and sold into slavery in the slave markets in Astrakhan and in the Cafe. The Nikolo-Ugreshsky Monastery and the palace of Vasily III in the village of Ostrov near Moscow were burned down. “The Tatars fought near Moscow, and the monastery of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Ugreshi and the Grand Duke burned the beloved village of Ostrov, and there were other Tatars in Vorobyov, in the Grand Duke’s village, and they drank honey in the cellars of the Grand Duke, and many villages of princes and boyars near Moscow was burned, and people were captured”, as well as “many villages and villages were burned, and the Koshirsky settlement was burned. And there are a lot of people and livestock full of leading countless.
Vasily III went to Volok to collect regiments, and entrusted the defense to Peter Ibragimovich and the boyars. The joint Tatar army approached the outskirts of Moscow on August 1, Mehmed Giray's headquarters was 60 miles away. Panic began in Moscow, residents tried to hide in the Kremlin, at the entrance to it there was a stampede in which several hundred people died.
The Tatars entered the city on July 30, 1521, burned the surrounding villages, settlements and settlements, their headquarters was located on Sparrow Hills . Already a day later, the Moscow authorities (boyars) offered peace, and the Tatars agreed to start negotiations, which ended a week later. Khan demanded that Vasily III recognize himself as a tributary of the Crimean Khanate. The boyars decided to take this step - in the Kremlin there was a lack of gunpowder and severe crowding, and they issued the appropriate letter to the khan.
On August 6-8, 1521, an agreement humiliating for Vasily III was signed in the Kremlin. The prince acknowledged his dependence on the Crimean Khan and agreed to pay him tribute, which was paid to the khans of the Golden Horde. After that, the Tatar army retreated to Ryazan.
حصار ريازان
In Ryazan, the okolnichi Khabar Simsky was in charge(Ivan Vasilyevich Obrazets-Dobrynsky). Evstafiy Dashkevich, who was in the Crimean army, wanted to take Ryazan by cunning. To do this, he offered its inhabitants to buy prisoners, so that, having caught the opportunity, they could get through the city gates together with the buyers. For his part, the khan, for the surest success in the enterprise, wanted to lure the governor of Khabar to himself and sent him, as a serf of his tributary, an order to appear in his camp. However, Khabar ordered to answer him that he still did not know whether the Grand Duke had really pledged to be a tributary and assistant to the khan, asked that he be given evidence for this, and the khan sent him a letter written in Moscow as proof. At this very time, Dashkevich, not abandoning his intention, was getting closer and closer to Ryazan. He purposely gave some captives the opportunity to escape from the camp to the city. Crowds of Tatars chased the fugitives and demanded their extradition. The Ryazanians handed over the prisoners, but despite this, the crowds of Tatars condensed more and more under the walls of the city, when suddenly there was a volley from the city cannons, which were commanded by the German Johann Jordan. The Tatars scattered in horror. Khan sent to demand the extradition of Jordan, but Khabar rejected this demand. Magmet-Girey, who did not come to take the city by force, failed to take Ryazan by cunning and prompted by the news of the enemy movements of the Astrakhans, left and left in the hands of Khabar a letter containing the obligation of the Grand Duke to pay tribute to him. Khan sent to demand the extradition of Jordan, but Khabar rejected this demand. Magmet-Girey, who did not come to take the city by force, failed to take Ryazan by cunning and prompted by the news of the enemy movements of the Astrakhans, left and left in the hands of Khabar a letter containing the obligation of the Grand Duke to pay tribute to him. Khan sent to demand the extradition of Jordan, but Khabar rejected this demand. Magmet-Girey, who did not come to take the city by force, failed to take Ryazan by cunning and prompted by the news of the enemy movements of the Astrakhans, left and left in the hands of Khabar a letter containing the obligation of the Grand Duke to pay tribute to him.
الأعقاب
During the campaign, Moscow suffered heavy losses, including among the civilian population, many were taken prisoner. Due to the circumstances of the defeat on the Oka, a court was instituted. Despite Belsky's guilt, only Ivan Vorotynsky was punished . For some time he was imprisoned, then released. Khabar Simsky was awarded the rank of boyar for the salvation of Ryazan and the honor of the grand duke. The German Jordan and another German gunner Niklas (who was in Moscow) were also thanked. After this raid, measures were taken to strengthen the defense of the borders. More significant troops were concentrated on the southern borders.
The prince acknowledged his dependence on the Crimean Khan and agreed to pay him the tribute that was paid to the khans of the Golden Horde . However, the letter itself was lost, and Vasily III refused to recognize this treaty in the same year. The Tatars seized (presumably) a lot of booty, and Kazan was temporarily freed from the Russian protectorate. The fighting continued in the following years: In 1522, the Crimeans were again expected in Moscow, Vasily and his army even stood on the Oka. Khan did not come, but the danger from the steppe did not pass. In 1523, in connection with another massacre of Russian merchants in Kazan, Vasily announced a new campaign. Having ruined the khanate, on the way back he founded the city of Vasilsursk on the border river Sura, which was supposed to become a new reliable place of bargaining with the Kazan Tatars. As a result, the Tatars were no longer able to make such a breakthrough across the Oka.
In 1524, after the third campaign against Kazan, Sahib Giray, who was allied with the Crimea, left Kazan, and Safa Giray was proclaimed Khan instead .