الشغب العرقي 1967
قالب:Campaignbox Long hot summer of 1967 قالب:Campaignbox Civil rights movement قالب:Campaignbox Ghetto riots The long, hot summer of 1967 refers to the 159 race riots that erupted across the United States in 1967.[2][3][4] In June there were riots in Atlanta, Boston, Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Tampa. In July there were riots in Birmingham, Chicago, New York City, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Britain, Rochester, Plainfield, and Toledo.
| Long, hot summer of 1967 | |
|---|---|
| جزء من the Civil Rights Movement and Ghetto riots | |
Film on the riots created by the White House Naval Photographic Unit | |
| التاريخ | صيف 1967 |
| المكان | |
| أسفرت عن | مفوضية كرنر تتأسس |
| الخسائر | |
| القتلى | 85+[1] |
| الجرحى | 2,100+ |
| المعتقَلون | 11,000+ |
The most destructive riots of the summer took place in July, in Newark, New Jersey, and Detroit, Michigan. As a result of the rioting in the summer of 1967 and the preceding two years, President Lyndon B. Johnson established the Kerner Commission to investigate the rioting and urban issues of Black Americans.
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History
A history of institutionalized unemployment, abusive policing, and poor housing was already present in certain areas of the United States. Riots began to flare up across the country but especially during the summer months. While rioting happened across the country the Summer of Love was occurring in hippie communities, and Americans witnessed troop movements in the Vietnam War and in American riots on the nightly news. At the end of July, President Lyndon B. Johnson set up the Kerner Commission to investigate the riots, in 1968 they would release a report blaming pervasive societal inequalities in American ghettos for the riots. By September 1967, 83 were dead, thousands injured, tens of millions of dollars in property had been destroyed and entire neighborhoods were burned.[5]
Reactions
Popular
A poll of Minnesotans asked respondents to gauge the perceived relationship between the riots and the Civil Rights Movement. When asked if there were a connection between the movement and riots, 49% said there was, 38% disagreed. A full 65% thought the riots were planned, rather than just uncontrolled skirmishes. In another poll of Minnesotans respondents were asked if the cause of the riots was racial discrimination or lawless hoodlums, 32% said racial discrimination while 49% said hoodlums. In a March 1968 Harris poll reported in the Washington Post, 37% of Americans agreed with the Kerner Commission’s report that the 1967 race riots were brought on mainly by inequalities; 49% disagreed. A majority of whites (53%) rejected the idea, with just 35% agreeing. In contrast, 58% of blacks supported it, and only 17% disagreed.[6]
Miscellaneous
In early July 1967, the Justice Department met with local media to ask "restraint in reporting".[7] In December 1967, a psychologist was asked about "deterrents" and told the New York Times that the riots would continue.[8]
List of riots
Some of the riots include:
- Buffalo riot of 1967 (June 26 – July 1)
- Cairo 1967 riot (July 17)
- Cambridge riot of 1967 (July 24, 1967)
- Cincinnati riot of 1967 (June 12 – June 15)
- 1967 Detroit riot (July 23 – 28)
- 1967 Milwaukee riot (July 30 – August 3)
- 1967 Newark riots (July 12 – 17)
- 1967 Plainfield riots (July 14 – 16)
- 1967 Saginaw riot (July 26)
- 1967 Portland riot (July 30)
See also
References
- ^ Gonsalves, Kelly. "The 'long, hot summer of 1967'". The Week. Retrieved 2017-12-25.
- ^ Friedland, Michael B. (1998). Lift Up Your Voice Like a Trumpet: White Clergy and the Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements, 1954–1973. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780807846469.
- ^ McLaughlin, Malcolm (2014). The Long, Hot Summer of 1967: Urban Rebellion in America. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN 9781137269638.
- ^ Mark Bould and Sherryl Vint (2011). The Routledge Concise History of Science Fiction. Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 9781136820410.
- ^ Gonsalves, Kelly. "The 'long, hot summer of 1967'". theweek.com. The Week.
- ^ "The Long Hot Summer: Riots in 1967". ropercenter.cornell.edu. ROPER Center for Public Opinion Research. August 28, 2017.
- ^ Graham, Fred P. (1967-07-08). "RESTRAINT URGED IN RACE RIOT NEWS; U.S. Officials Seek Delays Pending Police Action". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
WASHINGTON, July 7-- Officials of the Justice Department have been quietly meeting with news media representatives in racially tense cities to urge restraint in reporting racial outbursts, a department spokesman said today.
- ^ Burnham, David (1967-12-30). "NEW URBAN RIOTS FORESEEN IN U.S.; Psychologist Contends No Effective Deterrent Exists". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
There is no effective deterrent or antidote for the kind of Negro riots that have swept through the North in recent years, and such outbursts will continue "until the well of available cities runs dry," a research psychologist said yesterday.
Further reading
- Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial formation in the United States: from the 1960s to the 1990s (1994)
- Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton, eds. Encyclopedia of American Race Riots (2007) 930 pages –