الحرس الپريتوري

الحرس الپريتوري Praetorian Guard (لاتينية: Praetorianicode: la is deprecated )، كان قوة الحرس الشخصي تستخدم لحراسة الأباطرة الرومان. استخدم اللقب أثناء الجمهورية الرومانية لوصف الجنرالات الرومان، على الأقل منذ ظهور عائلة سكيپيو حوالي 275 ق.م. أصدر الإمبراطور قسطنطين الأول أمره بحل الحرس الپريتوري في القرن 4.

الحرس الپريتوري لأغسطس، القرن 1 ق.م. نقش رخامي رخامي bas-relief.

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 التاريخ

هذا المقال هو جزء من سلسلة عن: عسكرية روما القديمة (بوابة) 800 ق.م. – 476 م

التاريخ الهيكلي

الجيش الروماني (أنواع الوحدات والرتب, الفيالق, الردائف, الجنرالات)

البحرية الرومانية (الأساطيل, أدميرالات)

تاريخ الحملات

قوائم الحروب والمعارك

أوسمة وتكديرات

التاريخ التكنولوجي

الهندسة العسكرية (كاسترا, معدات الحصار, الأقواس, الطرق)

المعدات الشخصية

التاريخ السياسي

الاستراتيجية والتكتيك

تكتيكات المشاة

الجبهات والتحصينات (سور فاصل, حائط هادريان)

 الدور السياسي

Proclaiming Claudius Emperor, by Lawrence Alma-Tadema, oil on canvas, c. 1867. According to one version of the story of Claudius' ascension to the role of Emperor, members of the Praetorian Guard found him hiding behind a curtain in the aftermath of the murder of Caligula in 41, and proclaimed him emperor.

 العلاقة بين الإمبراطور وحرسه

الإمبراطور	السنة	العلاقة مع الحرس
أغسطس	27 ق.م–م14	أسس الحرس الپريتوري، حاز على ولائهم الكامل.
تيبريوس	14–37	Made Sejanus the sole Guard prefect (as opposed to having the usual two) allowed him to concentrate the guard in a single camp. Tiberius later had him executed and replaced with Macro.
كاليگولا	37–41	Accession smoothed by popularity with Macro, the Praetorian Prefect he later had executed. Murdered by the Guard.
كلاوديوس الأول	41–54	Proclaimed emperor by the Guard and defended by them when in difficulty (e.g., Messalina and Gaius Silius' attempted coup). Began the process of formalised accession donatives on a large scale and his coinage reflects the fact with coin captioned imper.recep i.e. "position of emperor received from" with a picture of the Praetorian camp on.
نيرون	54–68	Eventually deserted by the Guard
گالبا	68–69	Murdered by the Guard whose accession donative, promised on his behalf by Tigellinus and Otho, he refused to pay.
أوثو	69	Elevated by the Guard who fought ferociously for him at Cremona before he committed suicide.
فيتليوس	69	Deposed by the Guard then executed.
ڤسپاسيان	69–79	Reduced the size of the Guard after victory in 69
تيتوس	79–81	Served as Praetorian prefect, then as emperor.
دوميتيان	81–96	His election was supported by the Guard who remained fiercely loyal to him, especially as he increased the army's pay. Killed by influential palace freedmen.
نرڤا	96–98	Forced by a rebelling guard to adopt Marcus Ulpius Traianus as his successor.
تراجان	98–117	Had the Guard officers who led the rebellion against Nerva executed upon his succession.
هادريان	117–138	Founded the Frumentarii.
أنطونينوس پيوس	138–161
ماركوس أورليوس	161–180	Commanded the Guard in his war against the Germanian Tribes.
لوكيوس ڤيرس	161–169
كمودس	180–192	Retained the loyalty of the Guard.
Pertinax	193	Assassinated by the Guard.
Didius Julianus	193	Scandalously 'purchased' the Empire from the Guard and was soon deserted by them.
Septimius Severus	193–211	Disbanded the Guard and created a new one from the Danubian Legions.
Caracalla	211–217	Murdered in a plot by the Praetorian Prefect Macrinus.
Macrinus	217–218
Elagabalus	218–222	Murdered in the Castra Praetoria by the Guard.
Alexander Severus	222–235	Elevated by the Guard.
Maximinus Thrax	235–238
Gordian I	238
Gordian II	238
Balbinus	238	Murdered by the Guard.
Pupienus	238	Murdered by the Guard.
Gordian III	238–244	Proclaimed emperor by the Guard but killed by his Prefect, Philip the Arab.
Philip the Arab	244–249
Decius	249–251
Herennius Etruscus	251
Hostilian	251
Trebonianus Gallus	251–253
Aemilianus	253
Publius Licinius Valerianus	253–260
Gallienus	260-268
Claudius II	268–270
Quintillus	270
Aurelian	270–275	The Praetorians accompanied Aurelian on an expedition against Palmyra. Subsequently he was murdered by the Guard
Marcus Claudius Tacitus	275–276
Florianus	276
Marcus Aurelius Probus	276–282	Murdered by Praetorian troops after a revolt.
Carus	282–283
Carinus	283–285
Numerian	283–284
Diocletian	284–305	Dismantled the political power of the Praetorians through sweeping reforms of the Imperial system. Reported to have reduced the size of the Guard.
Maximian	286–305, 307–308	Praetorians accompanied Maximian to Africa in 297.
Galerius	305–311
Constantius Chlorus	305–306
Flavius Valerius Severus	306–307
Maxentius	306–312	Last emperor to command the guard.
قسطنطين الأول	306–337	Disbanded the Guard and destroyed the Castra Praetoria.

 الرتب والقيادات

رتب وقيادات الحرس الپريتوري
Milites	Regular soldiers of the guard.
Immunes	Guardsmen with secondary specialist roles that exempted them from other less than desired duties. After five years these soldiers were allowed to serve in the Equites singulares (cavalry branch).
Evocati Augusti	After 16 years of service guardsmen could retire with a sizeable cash payment. Guardsmen who chose to stay in service after the 16 year period were called Evocati and gained privileges.
Centuriones	Praetorian Centurions commanded centuries of guardsmen while the most senior centurions commanded entire cohorts.
Tribuni	These officers acted as staff officers and as deputies to the Praetorian Prefects.
Praefectus	The highest rank in the Praetorian Guard, head of the Praetorian Guard.

 في الثقافة العامة

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 انظر أيضاً

• Equites singulares Augusti
• Frumentarii

 المصادر

• Bingham, Sandra J. (1999) [1997]. The praetorian guard in the political and social life of Julio-Claudian Rome (PDF). Ottawa: National Library of Canada. ISBN 0-612-27106-4. Retrieved 2007-05-23.