المعرفة

آهر

(تم التحويل من أهر)
For the administrative division of East Azerbaijan province, see Ahar County. For other places with the same name, see آهر.

آهـَر ( Ahar ، فارسية: اهر)[أ] is a city in the Central District of Ahar County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[4] Ahar was the capital of Karadag Khanate in 18th and 19th centuries.

Ahar
فارسية: اهر
مدينة
Sheikh Shahab tomb in the city of Ahar
Sheikh Shahab tomb in the city of Ahar
Ahar is located in إيران
Ahar
Ahar
الإحداثيات: 38°28′47″N 47°04′01″E / 38.47972°N 47.06694°E / 38.47972; 47.06694Coordinates: 38°28′47″N 47°04′01″E / 38.47972°N 47.06694°E / 38.47972; 47.06694[1]
البلدإيران
المحافظةأذربيجان الشرقية
المقاطعةآهر
البخشالمركزي
التعداد
 (2016)[2]
 • الإجمالي100٬641
منطقة التوقيتUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Aqdash was the resting place of muleteers who carried charcoal to Ahar.

At the 2006 census, its population was 85,782 in 20,844 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 92,608 people in 24,810 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 100,641 people in 30,129 households.[2]

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خلفية

 
جبل سبلان بالقرب من آهر

In the wake of the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and with 3,500 inhabitants, Ahar was the only city of Qaradağ.[7] Around the mid-1830s, the population was estimated to be from five to six thousand inhabitants in about 600 houses.[8] By 1956 the population had increased to 19,816.[9] At the 2016 census, its population had increased to over 100,000.[2] Despite this population boom, the city has been losing its former importance to the much smaller neighboring Kaleybar, as the latter is gaining nationwide fame as a tourist destination.


التاريخ

Ahar is one of the ancient cities of the Azerbaijan region, its name before Islam was "meimad".[10] In the 12th-13th centuries, Ahar was a minor and short-lived, but prosperous emirate ruled by the Pishteginid dynasty of Georgian origin (1155—1231).[11] Yaqut al-Hamawi, writing in early thirteenth century, describes Ahar as very flourishing despite its small extent.[12]

The city lost most of its importance during the rule of Ilkhanate.[12] Hamdallah Mustawfi, writing in mid fourteenth century, describes Ahar as a little town. He estimates the tax revenue of the town to be comparable to that of Mardanaqom, which presently is a medium-sized village.[13]

Ahar was in the focus of Safavid's agenda for casting of Azerbaijan as a Safavid dominion. Thus, Shah Abbas I rebuilt the mausoleum of Sheikh Sheikh Shihab-al-din in Ahar.[14]

Ahar suffered enormously during the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 and Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828. Western travelers in 1837-1843 period had found Ahar, a city with around 700 households, in wretched condition. Their impression was that the Qajar princes, who were dispatched as the governors of Qaradagh hastened to collect as much wealth as possible before their removal.[15]

Ahar was one of the epicenters of Persian Constitutional Revolution due to the involvement of Arasbaran tribes in armed conflicts; the revolutionary and ati-revolutionary camps were headed, respectively, by Sattar Khan and Rahimkhan Chalabianloo, both from Qaradağ region. When in 1925 Rezā Shāh deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar and founded the Pahlavi dynasty, Ahar's gradual decline started. The new king insisted on ethnic nationalism and cultural unitarism and implemented his policies with forced detribalization and sedentarization. He renamed Qaradağ as Arasbaran to deny the Turkic identity of the inhabitants. This policy, in particular, resulted in suppression of ethnic Azeris.[16]

For further information on the history of Ahar and Arasbaran region one may consult the following scholarly books (all in Persian language):

  • H. Bayburdi "The history of Arasbaran",[17]
  • Ḥusayn Dūstī, "The history and geography of Arasbaran",[18]
  • N. Sedqi, "The contemporary political and social history of Arasbaran",[19]
  • S.R. Alemohammad, "The book of Arasbaran".[20]

Two concise English language articles are the following:

  • "The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ: A Brief History" by P. Oberling.[21]
  • The entry "AHAR", in Encyclopædia Iranica.[22]

المناخ

بيانات مناخ آهر (normals and extremes 1991-2020) الارتفاع: 1391
الشهر يناير فبراير مارس أبريل مايو يونيو يوليو أغسطس سبتمبر اكتوبر نوفمبر ديسمبر العام
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) 17.4
(63.3) 		21.0
(69.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		31.0
(87.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.4
(102.9) 		40.0
(104) 		35.4
(95.7) 		30.3
(86.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		20.5
(68.9) 		40
(104)
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) 4.2
(39.6) 		5.8
(42.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.7
(83.7) 		25.0
(77) 		19.5
(67.1) 		11.6
(52.9) 		6.5
(43.7) 		17٫14
(62٫86)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) -0.5
(31.1) 		0.7
(33.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		15.0
(59) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		5.9
(42.6) 		1.6
(34.9) 		11٫07
(51٫92)
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) -4.7
(23.5) 		-3.6
(25.5) 		0.1
(32.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.4
(54.3) 		15.7
(60.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		11.8
(53.2) 		7.1
(44.8) 		1.4
(34.5) 		-2.4
(27.7) 		5٫54
(41٫98)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) -23.2
(-9.8) 		-20.5
(-4.9) 		-18.4
(-1.1) 		-15.8
(3.6) 		-4.0
(24.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.8
(46) 		7.0
(44.6) 		1.5
(34.7) 		-3.5
(25.7) 		-16.6
(2.1) 		-19.2
(-2.6) 		−23٫2
(−9٫8)
هطول mm (inches) 18.3
(0.72) 		21.1
(0.831) 		33.8
(1.331) 		45.0
(1.772) 		48.3
(1.902) 		22.6
(0.89) 		8.6
(0.339) 		6.2
(0.244) 		11.0
(0.433) 		24.5
(0.965) 		27.5
(1.083) 		19.5
(0.768) 		286٫4
(11٫276)
% Humidity 65 64 61 61 61 53 49 49 57 59 64 64 58٫9
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.1 4.8 6.5 8.2 8.9 3.8 1.9 1.2 2 3.8 4.7 4 53٫9
Sunshine hours 168 164 179 188 248 301 312 304 256 211 167 162 2٬660
Source: NOAA NCEI[23]


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الاقتصاد

 
Balan Rug; An example of carpets which used to be sold in Ahar's bazar.

Until the early 1960s Ahar was the economic hub of Arasbaran region. Arasbaran nomadic tribes bartered their produce in Ahar's bazaar. The charcoal produced in villages adjacent to Arasbaran forests was carried by muleteers to Ahar and from there was transported to Tabriz. In addition, Ahar was a distribution center for the Arasbaran rug. The gradual settlement of nomads, widespread use of fossil fuels, changing life-styles, and establishment of new marketplaces such as Kaleybar through facilitated transportation, have diminished Ahar's economical importance.

السياحة

The main tourist site in the city is the mausoleum of Sheikh Shaabe-deen, who was the teacher of Safi-ad-din Ardabili, the founder of the family of Safavid dynasty. The monument has been described by James Morier in early nineteenth century as the following, "The mausoleum is of brick, with a foundation of stone, and faced by an elevated portico, flanked by two minors or pillars encrusted with green tiles. A little wooden door was opened for us in the back of the building, which introduced us into the spot that contained the tomb of the Sheikh, which was enclosed by a stone railing, carved into open work, and surrounded by a sculptured arabesque ornament, of very good taste. The tomb is distinguished by a marble cover, on which is an Arabic inscription in relieve.".[29]

أشخاص بارزون

All notable people from Arasbaran region would have counted Ahar as their home town. Here we list some prominent figures who have spent parts of their lives in Ahar or the neighboring villages:

  • Sattar Khan was originally from Qaradağ. He is considered as a national hero of Iran and is referred to as سردار ملی (meaning National Commander). He headed Constitutionalist rebels from the Amirkhiz district of Tabriz in early twentieth century.[30][31][32][33][34][35]
  • Amir Arshad, the headman of Haji-Alilu tribe, was a legendary military commander in early twentieth century. He is credited with fending off the communism from Iran.[36][37]
  • Qasem Ahari[38] was born in Ahar in 1884. He was the first European trained ophthalmologist of Iran. Qasem Ahari served four terms in National Consultative Assembly. He was the first representative of Azerbaijan in Senate of Iran.[39]
  • Abbas Eslami, known with his pen-name Barez, (1932–2011) was a great poet.[40] He described the melancholic demise of Qaradağ in a book titled mourning Sabalan (ياسلي ساوالان).[41]
  • Houssein Rezapour a contemporary poet with the pen-name "Razi".[42]
  • Prof. Mahmoud Akhondi (محمود آخوندى) was born ii 1933. He is an eminent Swiss-trained law professor. His 10 volume book on criminal prosecution is a major textbook in Iranian law schools.[43]
  • Colonel Husein bayburdi (حسين بايبوردي) was born in Ahar and retired from Army in 1959. He wrote and published a book on the history of Arasbaran.[17] This book is, perhaps, the only comprehensive original source on Arasbaran.
  • Ḥusayn Dūstī (حسین دوستی), was born in Ahar. He is a prolific writer of books dealing with Arasbaran.[44]

معرض صور

  • Arasbaran forests in the vicinity of Ahar (Kaleibar county)

  • Ahar town lies on the north-west face of Mount Sabalan

Notes

  1. ^ آذربيجاني: اهر[3]

المراجع

  1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (21 February 2024). "Ahar, Ahar County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  2. ^ أ ب ت "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in الفارسية). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 03. Archived from the original (Excel) on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ^ آهر can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3051923" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  4. ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the country's divisions of East Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Tabriz". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in الفارسية). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  5. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in الفارسية). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 03. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  6. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in الفارسية). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 03. Archived from the original (Excel) on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  7. ^ Bibliothèque orientale Elzévirienne, Volume 52; Volume 55, 1887 p.224.
  8. ^ Robert Mignan, A Winter Journey Through Russia, the Caucasian Alps, and Georgia: Thence ..., Vol. 1, 1839, London
  9. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ "شهرداری اهر :: Ahar Muiciple - فرهنگ و آداب و رسوم". Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  11. ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1951), "The Georgian Maliks of Ahar." BSOAS vol. 13/4, pp. 868-77.
  12. ^ أ ب Yaqut ibn 'Abd Allah al-Rumi al-Hamawi, Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard, Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrees adjacentes, 1851, Paris, p. 57
  13. ^ نزهةالقلوب ، حمداله مستوفی ، به کوشش محمد دبیر سیاقی ، انتشارات کتابخانه طهوری ، چاپ اول ، تهران ، ۱۳۳۶، ص. ۹۵.
  14. ^ Kishwar Rizvi , The Safavid Dynastic Shrine: Architecture, Religion and Power in Early ..., 2011, I.B.Tauris, p. 161
  15. ^ Richard Tappe, Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan, 1997, Cambridge University Press, p. 171
  16. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 123–163. ISBN 9780691053424. OCLC 7975938.
  17. ^ أ ب سرهنگ حسین بایبوردی، "تاریخ ارسباران"، ابن سینا، تهران ۱۳۴۱
  18. ^ حسین دوستی، تاریخ و جغرافیای ارسباران,انتشارات احرار,تبریز,1373
  19. ^ ناصر صدقی،تاریخ اجتماعى و سیاسى ارسباران (قره داغ) در دوره معاصر، ۱۳۸۸، تبریز، نشر اختر.
  20. ^ سیدرضا آل‌محمد، نامه ارسباران، ۱۳۹۱، تهران، کتابخانه موزه‌ و اسناد مجلس شورای اسلامی.
  21. ^ Oberling, Pierre. "The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ: A Brief History." Oriens 17 (1964): 60-95
  22. ^ "Encyclopædia Iranica | Articles". www.iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29.
  23. ^ "World Meteorological Organization climate normals for 1991-2020: Ahar" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  24. ^ "STATION AHAR (40704) I.R OF IRAN METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (IRIMO) FORM 5". Chaharmahalmet. IRIMO. Archived from the original on 2015-01-23. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  25. ^ "MONTHLY TOTAL OF PRECIPITATION IN MM. STATION AHAR (40704)". IRIMO. Archived from the original on 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2023-09-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  26. ^ "NO. OF DAYS WITH SNOW OR SLEET STATION AHAR (40704)". IRIMO. Archived from the original on 2014-09-01. Retrieved 2023-09-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  27. ^ "MONTHLY TOTAL OF SUNSHINE HOURS STATION AHAR (40704)". IRIMO. Archived from the original on 2014-09-07. Retrieved 2023-09-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. ^ "AVERAGE OF DEW POINT TEMPERATURE IN C. STATION AHAR (40704)". IRIMO. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  29. ^ James Morier, A second journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople ..., 1818, p. 234
  30. ^ Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions, Princeton University Press, 1982 p.97
  31. ^ اسماعيل اميرخيزى، قيام آذربايجان و ستار خان، ۱۹۶۰، كتابفروشى تهران
  32. ^ حسین دوستى، "حماسه ها و حماسه سازان انقلاب مشروطيت: با تاءکید بر نقش مردم ارسباران (قره داغ)"، باران، ۲۰۰۶
  33. ^ نصرت الله فتحى،"ديدار همرزم ستارخان" ،گوتنبرگ ۱۹۷۳
  34. ^ پناهى سمنانى، "ستار خان: سردار ملى ونهضت مشروطه"، ۱۹۹۷، کتاب نمونه.
  35. ^ رحيم رئيسنيا، عبد الحسين ناهيد،"دو مبارز جنبش مشروطه: ستار خان، محمد خيابانى", ۱۹۷۰، انتشارات آگاه.
  36. ^ "امیر ارشد کوتاه در باره امیر ارشد قره داغی | قره داغ تورکلری – سایت سرگرمی تفریحی اهر". Archived from the original on 2014-03-09. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  37. ^ Stephanie Cronin, 'The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society Under Riza Shah, 1921-1941', 2007, p. 207
  38. ^ "Ahar Register Office". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  39. ^ Mosavi, Mir Jalaladddin. "A short biography of Dr. Qasem Ahari". Archived from the original on 2014-02-20.
  40. ^ "Abbas Barez". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  41. ^ اسلامی, عباس (25 December 2000). یاسلی ساوالان. تبریز.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ^ "List of books by H. Rezapour".
  43. ^ آخوندى, محمود (1997). آئين دادرسى کيفرى. سازمان چاپ و انتشارات، وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامى.
  44. ^ "Ḥusayn Dūstī".


قالب:Ahar County

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