المعرفة

اللغة الهندو-حيثية

(تم التحويل من اللغة الهندو-أناضولية)

In Indo-European linguistics, the term Indo-Hittite (also Indo-Anatolian) refers to Edgar Howard Sturtevant's 1926 hypothesis that the Anatolian languages may have split off a Pre-Proto-Indo-European language considerably earlier than the separation of the remaining Indo-European languages. The term may be somewhat confusing, as the prefix Indo- does not refer to the Indo-Aryan branch in particular, but is iconic for Indo-European, and the -Hittite part refers to the Anatolian language family as a whole.

Proponents of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis claim the separation may have preceded the spread of the remaining branches by several millennia, possibly as early as 7000 BC. In this context, the proto-language before the split of Anatolian would be called Proto-Indo-Hittite, and the proto-language of the remaining branches, before the next split, presumably of Tocharian, would be called Proto-Indo-European (PIE). This is a matter of terminology, though, as the hypothesis does not dispute the ultimate genetic relation of Anatolian with Indo-European; it just means to emphasize the assumed magnitude of temporal separation.

According to Craig Melchert, the current tendency is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved, and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations."[1] Hittite, as well as its Anatolian cousins, split off from Proto-Indo-European at an early stage, thereby preserving archaisms that were later lost in the other Indo-European languages.[2]

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علم اللسانيات

علم الوراثة

تحقيقات

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

  1. ^ Melchert 2012, p. 7.
  2. ^ Jasanoff 2003, p. 20 with footnote 41

المصادر

  • Jasanoff, Jay H. (2003). Hittite and the Indo-European Verb. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249053.001.0001. ISBN 9780199249053.
  • Melchert, H. Craig (2012). "The Position of Anatolian" (PDF).
  • Schmidt, Karl Horst (1992). "Contributions from new data to the reconstruction of the proto-language". In Polomé, Edgar C.; Winter, Werner (eds.). Reconstructing Languages and Cultures. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 58. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 35–62. doi:10.1515/9783110867923.35. ISBN 9783110126716.
  • Sturtevant, Edgar Howard (1931). "Hittite Glossary: Words of Known or Conjectured Meaning, with Sumerian Ideograms and Accadian Words Common in Hittite Texts". Language. Language Monograph, 9. Linguistic Society of America. 7 (2): 3–82. doi:10.2307/522061. JSTOR 522061.
  • Sturtevant, Edgar Howard (1932). "The Development of the Stops in Hittite". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 52 (1): 1–12. doi:10.2307/593573. JSTOR 593573.
  • Sturtevant, Edgar Howard; Hahn, E. Adelaide. A Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. William Dwight Whitney Linguistic Series. Vol. 1. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1942). The Indo-Hittite laryngeals. Baltimore, MD: Linguistic Society of America. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x76d2x. JSTOR j.ctt1x76d2x.
  • Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1940). "Evidence for Voicing in Indo-Hittite γ". Language. Linguistic Society of America. 16 (2): 81–87. doi:10.2307/408942. JSTOR 408942.
  • Sturtevant, Edgar H.; Bechtel, George (1935). A Hittite Chrestomathy. William Dwight Whitney Linguistic Series. Philadelphia, PA: Linguistic Society of America.

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