كتابة فاگس-پا
| ʼPhags-pa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| النوع | |
| اللغات | |
| المخترع | Drogön Chögyal Phagpa |
| الفترة الزمنية | 1269 – c. 1660 |
النظم الوالدة | |
النظم الابنة | Horizontal square script |
النظم الشقيقة | Lepcha, Meitei, Khema, Marchen |
| الاتجاه | Left-to-right |
| ISO 15924 | Phag, 331 |
مرادف اليونيكود | Phags-pa |
| U+A840–U+A87F | |
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. | |
The ʼPhags-pa script is an alphabet designed by the Tibetan monk and State Preceptor (later Imperial Preceptor) Drogön Chögyal Phagpa for Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, as a unified script for the written languages within the Yuan. The actual use of this script was limited to about a hundred years during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and it fell out of use with the advent of the Ming dynasty.[1][2]
It was used to write and transcribe varieties of Chinese, the Tibetic languages, Mongolian, the Uyghur language, Sanskrit, Persian,[3][4] and other neighboring languages during the Yuan era.[5][6] For historical linguists, the documentation of its use provides clues about the changes in these languages.
Its descendant systems include Horizontal square script, used to write Tibetan and Sanskrit. There is a theory that the Korean Hangul alphabet had a limited influence from ʼPhags-pa (see Origin of Hangul). During the Pax Mongolica the script has even made numerous appearances in western medieval art.[7]
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Nomenclature
ʼPhags-pa script: قالب:Phagspa mongxol tshi, "Mongolian script";
بالمنغولية: дөрвөлжин үсэг dörvöljin üseg, "square script";
التبتية: ཧོར་ཡིག་གསར་པ་, وايلي: hor yig gsar ba "new Mongolian script";
Yuan dynasty صينية: 蒙古新字؛ پن‌ين: měnggǔ xīnzì� "new Mongolian script";
Modern صينية: 八思巴文؛ پن‌ين: bāsībā wén� "ʼPhags-pa script". In Chinese, it is also written as 帕克斯巴 (pàkèsībā).
In English, it is also written as Phaspa, Paspa, Baschpah, and Pa-sse-pa.[8]
التاريخ
During the Mongol Empire, the Mongol rulers wanted a universal script to write down the languages of the people they subjugated. The Uyghur-based Mongolian alphabet is not a perfect fit for the Middle Mongol language, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese.[بحاجة لمصدر] Therefore, during the Yuan dynasty (c. 1269), Kublai Khan asked the Tibetan monk ʼPhags-pa to design a new alphabet for use by the whole empire. ʼPhags-pa extended his native Tibetan alphabet[4] to encompass Mongol and Chinese, evidently Central Plains Mandarin.[9] The resulting 38 letters have been known by several descriptive names, such as "square script" based on their shape, but today are primarily known as the ʼPhags-pa alphabet.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Descending from Tibetan script it is part of the Brahmic family of scripts, which includes Devanagari and scripts used throughout Southeast Asia and Central Asia.[4] It is unique among Brahmic scripts in that it is written top bottom,[4] like how classical Chinese used to be written; and like the Manchu alphabet or later Mongolian alphabet.
Despite its origin, the script was written vertically (top to bottom) like the previous Mongolian scripts. It did not receive wide acceptance and was not a popular script even among the elite Mongols themselves, although it was used as an official script of the Yuan dynasty until the early 1350s[10] when the Red Turban Rebellion started. After this it was mainly used as a phonetic gloss for Mongols learning Chinese characters. It was also used as one of the scripts on Tibetan currency in the twentieth century, as script for Tibetan seal inscriptions from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century and for inscriptions on the entrance doors of Tibetan monasteries.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Syllable formation
Although it is an alphabet, phagspa is written like a syllabary or abugida, with letters forming a single syllable glued or 'ligated' together.[4]
Top: Approximate values in Middle Chinese. (Values in parentheses were not used for Chinese.)
Second: Standard letter forms.
Third: Seal script forms. (A few letters, marked by hyphens, are not distinct from the preceding letter.)
Unlike the ancestral Tibetan script, all ʼPhags-pa letters are written in temporal order (that is, /CV/ is written in the order C–V for all vowels) and in-line (that is, the vowels are not diacritics). However, vowel letters retain distinct initial forms, and short /a/ is not written except initially, making ʼPhags-pa transitional between an abugida, a syllabary, and a full alphabet. The letters of a ʼPhags-pa syllable are linked together so that they form syllabic blocks.[4]
Typographic forms
ʼPhags-pa was written in a variety of graphic forms. The standard form (top, at right) was blocky, but a "Tibetan" form (bottom) was even more so, consisting almost entirely of straight orthogonal lines and right angles. A "seal script" form (صينية: 蒙古篆字؛ پن‌ين: měnggǔ zhuànzì� ; "Mongolian Seal Script"), used for imperial seals and the like, was more elaborate, with squared sinusoidal lines and spirals.[بحاجة لمصدر] This 'Phags-pa script is different from the 'Phags-pa script, or 八思巴字 in Chinese, that shares the same name but its earliest usage can be traced back to the late 16th century, the early reign of Wanli Emperor. According to Professor Junast 照那斯图 of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the later 'Phags-pa script is actually a seal script of Tibetan.[11]
Korean records state that hangul was based on an "Old Seal Script" (古篆字), which may be ʼPhags-pa and a reference to its Chinese name 蒙古篆字 měnggǔ zhuànzì (see origin of hangul). However, it is the simpler standard form of ʼPhags-pa that is the closer graphic match to hangul.
الحروف
الحروف الأساسية
The following 41 are the basic ʼPhags-pa letters.
Letters 1-30 and 35-38 are base consonants. The order of Letters 1-30 is the same as the traditional order of the thirty basic letters of the Tibetan script, to which they correspond. Letters 35-38 represent sounds that do not occur in Tibetan, and are either derived from an existing Tibetan base consonant (e.g. Letters 2 and 35 are both derived from the simple Tibetan letter KHA, but are graphically distinct from each other) or from a combination of an existing Tibetan base consonant and the semi-vowel (subjoined) letter WA (e.g. Letter 36 is derived from the complex Tibetan letter KHWA).
As is the case with Tibetan, these letters have an inherent [a] vowel sound attached to them in non-final positions when no other vowel sign is present (e.g. the letter KA with no attached vowel represents the syllable ka, but with an appended vowel i represents the syllable ki).
Letters 31-34 and 39 are vowels. Letters 31-34 follow the traditional order of the corresponding Tibetan vowels. Letter 39 represents a vowel quality that does not occur in Tibetan, and may be derived from the Tibetan double-E vowel sign.
Unlike Tibetan, in which vowels signs may not occur in isolation but must always be attached to a base consonant to form a valid syllable, in the ʼPhags-pa script initial vowels other than a may occur without a base consonant when they are not the first element in a diphthong (e.g. ue) or a digraph (e.g. eeu and eeo). Thus in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllables u 吾 wú, on 刓 wán and o 訛 é occur, and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the words ong qo chas "boats", u su nu (gen.) "water", e du -ee "now" and i hee -een "protection" occur. These are all examples of where 'o, 'u, 'e, 'i etc. would be expected if the Tibetan model had been followed exactly. An exception to this rule is the Mongolian word 'er di nis "jewels", where a single vowel sign is attached to a null base consonant. Note that the letter EE is never found in an initial position in any language written in the ʼPhags-pa script (for example, in Tao Zongyi's description of the Old Uighur script, he glosses all instances of Uighur e with the ʼPhags-pa letter EE, except for when it is found in the initial position, when he glosses it with the ʼPhags-pa letter E instead).
However, initial semi-vowels, diphthongs and digraphs must be attached to the null base consonant 'A (Letter 30). So in Chinese ʼPhags-pa texts the syllables 'wen 元 yuán, 'ue 危 wēi and 'eeu 魚 yú occur; and in Mongolian ʼPhags-pa texts the words 'eeu lu "not" and 'eeog bee.e "gave" occur. As there is no sign for the vowel a, which is implicit in an initial base consonant with no attached vowel sign, then words that start with an a vowel must also use the null base consonant letter 'A (e.g. Mongolian 'a mi than "living beings"). In Chinese, and rarely Mongolian, another null base consonant -A (Letter 23) may be found before initial vowels (see "Letter 23" below).
| No. | ʼPhags-pa letter |
Derivation | Letter Name | Transcription | IPA | Mongolian Examples | Chinese Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER KA ཀ [U+0F40] | KA | k | /ka/ | Only used for words of foreign origin, such as kal bu dun (gen. pl.) from Sanskrit kalpa "aeon" [cf. Mongolian galab ᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪ], with the single exception of the common Mongolian word ye kee "large, great" [cf. Mongolian yeke ᠶᠡᠬᠡ] | kiw 裘 qiú
kue 夔 kuí |
| 2 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER KHA ཁ [U+0F41] | KHA | kh | /kʰa/ | kheen "who" [cf. Mongolian ken ᠬᠡᠨ] | khang 康 kāng
kheeu 屈 qū |
| 3 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER GA ག [U+0F42] | GA | g | /ga/ | bi chig "written document, book" [cf. Mongolian bičig ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ] | ging 荊 jīng
gu 古 gǔ |
| 4 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER NGA ང [U+0F44] | NGA | ng | /ŋa/ | deng ri "heaven" [cf. Mongolian tengri ᠲᠡᠩᠷᠢ] | ngiw 牛 niú
ngem 嚴 yán ding 丁 dīng |
| 5 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER CA ཅ [U+0F45] | CA | c | /tʃa/ | cay 柴 chái
ci 池 chí | |
| 6 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER CHA ཆ [U+0F46] | CHA | ch | /tʃʰa/ | cha q-an "white" [cf. Mongolian čaɣan ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ] | chang 昌 chāng
cheeu 褚 chǔ |
| 7 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER JA ཇ [U+0F47] | JA | j | /dʒa/ | jil "year" [cf. Mongolian ǰil ᠵᠢᠯ] | jim 針 zhēn |
| 8 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER NYA ཉ [U+0F49] | NYA | ny | /ɲa/ | nyiw 鈕 niǔ | |
| 9 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER TA ཏ [U+0F4F] | TA | t | /ta/ | Mostly used in words of foreign origin, such as 'er ti nis (also 'er di nis) "jewels" [cf. Mongolian erdenis ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠰ] and ta layi "sea, ocean" [cf. Mongolian dalai ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ] | ten 田 tián
tung 童 tóng |
| 10 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER THA ཐ [U+0F50] | THA | th | /tʰa/ | thu thum "each, all" [cf. Mongolian tutum ᠲᠤᠲᠤᠮ] | thang 湯 tāng
thung 通 tōng |
| 11 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER DA ད [U+0F51] | DA | d | /da/ | u ri da nu (gen.) "former, previous" [cf. Mongolian urida ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ] | dung 東 dōng
du 都 dū |
| 12 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER NA ན [U+0F53] | NA | n | /na/ | ma nu "our" [cf. Mongolian manu ᠮᠠᠨᠤ] | nee 聶 niè
nung 農 nóng gon 管 guǎn |
| 13 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER PA པ [U+0F54] | PA | p | /pa/ | Only used in words of foreign origin, such as pur xan "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian burqan ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ] | pang 龐 páng
pay 白 bái |
| 14 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER PHA ཕ [U+0F55] | PHA | ph | /pʰa/ | phon 潘 pān
phu 浦 pǔ | |
| 15 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER BA བ [U+0F56] | BA | b | /ba/ | ba sa "then, still, also" [cf. Mongolian basa ᠪᠠᠰᠠ] | ban 班 bān
been 邊 biān |
| 16 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER MA མ [U+0F58] | MA | m | /ma/ | 'a mi than "living beings" [cf. Mongolian amitan ᠠᠮᠢᠲᠠᠨ] | min 閔 mǐn
mew 苗 miáo gim 金 jīn |
| 17 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER TSA ཙ [U+0F59] | TSA | ts | /tsa/ | tsaw 曹 cáo
tsin 秦 qín | |
| 18 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER TSHA ཚ [U+0F5A] | TSHA | tsh | /tsʰa/ | Only used in words of foreign origin, such as sha tshin "religion" | tshay 蔡 cài
tshiw 秋 qiū |
| 19 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER DZA ཛ [U+0F5B] | DZA | dz | /dza/ | dzam 昝 zǎn
dzew 焦 jiāo | |
| 20 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER WA ཝ [U+0F5D] | WA | w | /wa/ | Only used in words of foreign origin, such as wa chi ra ba ni "Vajrapāṇi" | wan 萬 wàn
wu 武 wǔ xiw 侯 hóu gaw 高 gāo |
| 21 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER ZHA ཞ [U+0F5E] | ZHA | zh | /ʒa/ | zheeu 茹 rú
zhew 饒 ráo | |
| 22 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER ZA ཟ [U+0F5F] | ZA | z | /za/ | Only found in the single word za ra "month" [cf. Mongolian sara ᠰᠠᠷᠠ] | zin 陳 chén
zeeu 徐 xú zi 席 xí |
| 23 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER -A འ [U+0F60] | -A | - | /'a/ | This letter is found rarely initially, e.g. -ir gee nee (dat./loc.) "people" [cf. Mongolian irgen ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ], but frequently medially between vowels where it serves to separate a syllable that starts with a vowel from a preceding syllable that ends in a vowel, e.g. er khee -ud "Christians" and q-an "emperor, khan" [cf. Mongolian qaɣan ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ] (where q-an is a contraction for the hypothetical qa -an) | -an 安 ān
-ing 應 yīng -eeu 郁 yù |
| 24 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER YA ཡ [U+0F61] | YA | y | /ja/ | na yan "eighty" [cf. Mongolian nayan ᠨᠠᠶᠠᠨ] | yi 伊 yī
yang 羊 yáng day 戴 dài hyay 解 xiè |
| 25 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER RA ར [U+0F62] | RA | r | /ra/ | chee rig "army" [cf. Mongolian čerig ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ] | |
| 26 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER LA ལ [U+0F63] | LA | l | /la/ | al ba "tax, tribute" [cf. Mongolian alba ᠠᠯᠪᠠ] | leeu 呂 lǚ
lim 林 lín |
| 27 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER SHA ཤ [U+0F64] | SHA | sh | /ʃa/ | shi nee "new" [cf. Mongolian šine ᠱᠢᠨᠡ] | shi 石 shí
shwang 雙 shuāng |
| 28 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER SA ས [U+0F66] | SA | s | /sa/ | hee chus "end, goal" [cf. Mongolian ečüs ᠡᠴᠦᠰ] | su 蘇 sū
syang 相 xiàng |
| 29 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER HA ཧ [U+0F67] | HA | h | /ha/ | Initially in words that now have null initials, such as har ban "ten" [cf. Mongolian arban ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ], and medially only in the single word -i hee -een (or -i h-een) "protector, guardian" | hwa 花 huā
sh.hi 史 shǐ l.hing 冷 lěng j.hang 莊 zhuāng |
| 30 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER A ཨ [U+0F68] | 'A | ' | /a/ | 'eeu lu "not" [cf. Mongolian ülü ᠦᠯᠦ] | 'wang 王 wáng
'eeu 虞 yú |
| 31 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN I ི [U+0F72] | I | i | -i hee -een (or -i h-een) "protection" | li 李 lǐ
n.hing 能 néng heei 奚 xī | |
| 32 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN U ུ [U+0F74] | U | u | u su nu (gen.) "water" [cf. Mongolian usun ᠤᠰᠤᠨ] | u 吳 wú
mue 梅 méi | |
| 33 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN E ེ [U+0F7A] | E | e | e du -ee "now" [cf. Mongolian edüge ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ] | ze 謝 xiè
jem 詹 zhān gue 國 guó | |
| 34 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN O ོ [U+0F7C] | O | o | ong qo chas "boats" [cf. Mongolian ongɣočas ᠣᠩᠭᠣᠴᠠᠰ] | no 那 nā
mon 滿 mǎn | |
| 35 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER KHA ཁ [U+0F41] | QA | q | qa muq "all" [cf. Mongolian qamuɣ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ] | ||
| 36 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER KHA [U+0F41] plus TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA [U+0FAD] ཁྭ | XA | x | Only used in words of foreign origin, such as pur xan "Buddha" [cf. Mongolian burqan ᠪᠤᠷᠬᠠᠨ] | xu 胡 hú
xong 黃 huáng | |
| 37 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER HA [U+0F67] plus TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA [U+0FAD] ཧྭ | FA | f | /fa/ | fang 方 fāng
fi 費 fèi | |
| 38 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER GA ག [U+0F42] | GGA | ||||
| 39 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN EE ཻ [U+0F7B] | EE | ee | el deeb "various" [cf. Mongolian eldeb ᠡᠯᠳᠡᠪ] (Poppe reads this word as eel deeb, as the only example of an initial letter EE, but I think that it is clear from the rubbing of the inscription that the initial letter is a slightly deformeed letter E) | chee 車 chē
seeu 胥 xū geeing 經 jīng | |
| 40 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER WA ྭ [U+0FAD] | SUBJOINED WA | w | /w/ | xway 懷 huái
jwaw 卓 zhuō gwang 廣 guǎng | |
| 41 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER YA ྱ [U+0FB1] | SUBJOINED YA | y | hya 夏 xià
gya 家 jiā dzyang 蔣 jiǎng |
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Additional Letters
| No. | ʼPhags-pa letter |
Derivation | Letter Name | Transcription | Sanskrit or Tibetan Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 42 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER TTA ཊ [U+0F4A] | TTA | tt | sha tt-a pa ... i ta (Sanskrit ṣaṭ pāramitā) [Ill.3 Line 6] |
| 43 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER TTHA ཋ [U+0F4B] | TTHA | tth | pra tish tthi te (Sanskrit pratiṣṭhite) [Ill.3 Line 8] (TTHA plus unreversed I)
dhish tthi te (Sanskrit dhiṣṭhite) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 16] (TTHA plus reversed I) nish tthe (Sanskrit niṣṭhe) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 10] (TTHA plus reversed E) |
| 44 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER DDA ཌ [U+0F4C] | DDA | dd | dann dde (Sanskrit daṇḍaya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 14]
'-a kad ddha ya (Sanskrit ākaḍḍhaya) [Ill.4 Line 7] (DDA plus reversed HA) |
| 45 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER NNA ཎ [U+0F4E] | NNA | nn | sb-a ra nna (Sanskrit spharaṇa) [Ill.3 Line 3]
ush nni ... (Sanskrit uṣṇīṣa) [Ill.3 Line 6] (NNA plus reversed I) kshu nnu (Sanskrit kṣuṇu) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 2] (NNA plus reversed U) ha ra nne (Sanskrit haraṇe) [Ill.4 Line 5] (NNA plus reversed E) pu nn.ya (Sanskrit puṇya) [Tathāgatahṛdaya-dhāraṇī Line 13] (NNA plus reversed subjoined Y) |
| 46 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER RA ྲ [U+0FB2] | Subjoined RA | r | bh-ru^ (Sanskrit bhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2]
mu dre (Sanskrit mudre) [Ill.3 Line 9] ba dzra (Sanskrit vajra) [Ill.3 Line 9] bkra shis (Tibetan bkra-shis "prosperity, good fortune") [Ill.5] |
| 47 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN LETTER RA ར [U+0F62] | Superfixed RA | sangs rgyas (Tibetan sangs-rgyas "Buddha") [Ill.6] | |
| 48 | قالب:Phagspa | TIBETAN SIGN SNA LDAN ྃ [U+0F83]
DEVANAGARI SIGN CANDRABINDU [U+0901] |
Candrabindu | ^ | o^ bh-ru^ bh-ru^ (Sanskrit oṁ bhrūṁ bhrūṁ) [Ill.3 Line 2]
sa^ ha ... (Sanskrit saṁhatana) [Ill.3 Line 9] |
Menggu Ziyun
Following are the initials of the ʼPhags-pa script as presented in Menggu Ziyun. They are ordered according to the Chinese philological tradition of the 36 initials.[بحاجة لمصدر]
| No. | Name | Phonetic value |
ʼPhags-pa letter |
ʼPhags-pa Initial |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 見 jiàn | *[k] | قالب:Phagspa | g- | |
| 2 | 溪 qī | *[kʰ] | قالب:Phagspa | kh- | |
| 3 | 群 qún | *[ɡ] | قالب:Phagspa | k- | |
| 4 | 疑 yí | *[ŋ] | قالب:Phagspa | ng- | |
| 5 | 端 duān | *[t] | قالب:Phagspa | d- | |
| 6 | 透 tòu | *[tʰ] | قالب:Phagspa | th- | |
| 7 | 定 dìng | *[d] | قالب:Phagspa | t- | |
| 8 | 泥 ní | *[n] | قالب:Phagspa | n- | |
| 9 | 知 zhī | *[ʈ] | قالب:Phagspa | j- | |
| 10 | 徹 chè | *[ʈʰ] | قالب:Phagspa | ch- | |
| 11 | 澄 chéng | *[ɖ] | قالب:Phagspa | c- | |
| 12 | 娘 niáng | *[ɳ] | قالب:Phagspa | ny- | |
| 13 | 幫 bāng | *[p] | قالب:Phagspa | b- | |
| 14 | 滂 pāng | *[pʰ] | قالب:Phagspa | ph- | |
| 15 | 並 bìng | *[b] | قالب:Phagspa | p- | |
| 16 | 明 míng | *[m] | قالب:Phagspa | m- | |
| 17 | 非 fēi | *[p̪] | قالب:Phagspa | f- | Normal form of the letter fa |
| 18 | 敷 fū | *[p̪ʰ] | قالب:Phagspa | f¹- | Variant form of the letter fa |
| 19 | 奉 fèng | *[b̪] | قالب:Phagspa | f- | Normal form of the letter fa |
| 20 | 微 wēi | *[ɱ] | قالب:Phagspa | w- | Letter wa represents [v] |
| 21 | 精 jīng | *[ts] | قالب:Phagspa | dz- | |
| 22 | 清 qīng | *[tsʰ] | قالب:Phagspa | tsh- | |
| 23 | 從 cóng | *[dz] | قالب:Phagspa | ts- | |
| 24 | 心 xīn | *[s] | قالب:Phagspa | s- | |
| 25 | 邪 xié | *[z] | قالب:Phagspa | z- | |
| 26 | 照 zhào | *[tɕ] | قالب:Phagspa | j- | |
| 27 | 穿 chuān | *[tɕʰ] | قالب:Phagspa | ch- | |
| 28 | 床 chuáng | *[dʑ] | قالب:Phagspa | c- | |
| 29 | 審 shěn | *[ɕ] | قالب:Phagspa | sh¹- | Variant form of the letter sha |
| 30 | 禪 chán | *[ʑ] | قالب:Phagspa | sh- | Normal form of the letter sha |
| 31 | 曉 xiǎo | *[x] | قالب:Phagspa | h- | Normal form of the letter ha |
| 32 | 匣 xiá | *[ɣ] | قالب:Phagspa | x- | |
| قالب:Phagspa | h¹- | Variant form of the letter ha | |||
| 33 | 影 yǐng | *[ʔ] | قالب:Phagspa | ʼ- | glottal stop |
| قالب:Phagspa | y- | Normal form of the letter ya | |||
| 34 | 喻 yù | *[j] | قالب:Phagspa | - | null initial |
| قالب:Phagspa | y¹- | Variant form of the letter ya | |||
| 35 | 來 lái | *[l] | قالب:Phagspa | l- | |
| 36 | 日 rì | *[ɲ] | قالب:Phagspa | zh- |
Shilin Guangji
The Shilin Guangji used Phagspa to annotate Chinese text, serving as a precursor to modern pinyin. The following are the Phagspa transcriptions of a section of the Hundred Family Surnames in the Shilin Guangji. For example, the name Jin (金), meaning gold, is written as قالب:Phagspaor Gim, similar to how it is transliterated in Korean (Kim).[12]
| C1 | C2 | C3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| R1 | 馮 Féng
قالب:PhagspaFung |
周 Zhōu
قالب:Phagspa Jiw (Jiu) |
趙 Zhào
قالب:PhagspaCew (Chew) |
| R2 | 陳 Chén
قالب:PhagspaZin |
吳 Wú | 錢 Qián
قالب:PhagspaGen |
| R3 | 褚 Chǔ
قالب:PhagspaChu |
鄭 Zhèng
قالب:PhagspaCing (Ching) |
孫 Sūn
قالب:PhagspaSun |
| R4 | 衛 Wèi
قالب:Phagspa'ue (We) |
王 Wáng
قالب:Phagspa 'Wang |
李 Lǐ |
Unicode
ʼPhags-pa script was added to the Unicode Standard in July 2006 with the release of version 5.0.
The Unicode block for ʼPhags-pa is U+A840–U+A877:[بحاجة لمصدر] قالب:Unicode chart Phags-pa
U+A856 قالب:Phagspa PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A is transliterated using U+A78F ꞏ latin letter sinological dot from the Latin Extended-D Unicode block.[13]
انظر أيضاً
- Brahmic scripts
- Mongolian alphabets
- Origin of hangul
- Mongol elements in Western medieval art
- Menggu Ziyun (Yuan dynasty ʼPhags-pa—Chinese rhyming dictionary)
- Shilin Guangji
- Siddhaṃ script
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المراجع
- ^ Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China, 900-1800. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 484. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
- ^ Lal, Dinesh (2008). Indo-Tibet-China conflict. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 43. ISBN 9788178357140.
- ^ "CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS viii. Persian Lang. – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "BabelStone : ʼPhags-pa Script : Description". www.babelstone.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ Theobald, Ulrich. "The ʼPhags-pa Script (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ "BabelStone : Phags-pa Script : Overview". www.babelstone.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ^ Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300-1600, Mack, p.61
- ^ Wylie, Alexander (1 January 1871). "On an Ancient Buddhist Inscription at Keu-yung kwan, in North China". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 5 (1): 25.
- ^ Coblin, W. South (2002). "Reflections on the Study of Post-Medieval Chinese Historical Phonology". In 何大安 (ed.). 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集: 語言組. 南北是非 : 漢語方言的差異與變化 [Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology, Linguistics Section. Dialect Variations in Chinese]. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 23–50. ISBN 978-957-671-936-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 21 October 2011. p. 31.
- ^ Strange Names of God: The Missionary Translation of the Divine Name and the Chinese Responses to Matteo Ricci's "Shangti" in Late Ming China, 1583-1644, by Sangkeun Kim, p139
- ^ Junast 照那斯图 (April 2003). "一种从八思巴字脱胎而来的文字 (in Chinese)". Minority Languages of China 民族语文. 2002 (3): 56–58.
- ^ Chen Yuanjing. Shilin Guangji. Yuan dynasty, Mongol Empire.
- ^ West, Andrew (2009-04-04). "L2/09-031R: Proposal to encode a Middle Dot letter for Phags-pa transliteration" (PDF).
للاستزادة
- Coblin, W. South (2006). A Handbook of ʼPhags-pa Chinese. ABC Dictionary Series. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3000-7. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Denlinger, Paul. B. (1963). Chinese in Hp'ags-pa Script. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Everding, Karl-Heinz (2006). Herrscherurkunden aus der Zeit des mongolischen Großreiches für tibetische Adelshäuser, Geistliche und Klöster. Teil 1: Diplomata Mongolica. Mittelmongolische Urkunden in ʼPhags-pa-Schrift. Eidtion, Übersetzung, Analyse. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. ISBN 978-3-88280-074-6.
- Poppe, Nicholas (1957). The Mongolian Monuments in hP´ags-pa Script (Second ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. Great Britain: Anchor Brenton Ltd. ISBN 978-0-09-156980-8.
- Schuh, Dieter (1981). Grundlagen tibetischer Siegelkunde. Eine Untersuchung über tibetische Siegelaufschriften in ʼPhags-pa-Schrift. Sankt Augustin: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-88280-011-1.