السكك الحديدية في إندونيسيا
The majority of Indonesia's railways are on Java, used for both passenger and freight transport. There are three noncontinuous railway networks in Sumatra (Aceh and North Sumatra; West Sumatra; South Sumatra and Lampung) with two new networks is being developed in Kalimantan and Sulawesi.[4][5] Indonesia has finalized its plan for a national railway network recently. According to the plan, 3,200 km of train tracks that will criss-cross the islands of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi, it has been touted as the most extensive railway project in Indonesia since its independence from the Dutch in 1945.[6]
| Indonesia | |
|---|---|
 An inter-city and a commuter train at Gambir railway station. | |
| التشغيل | |
| السكك الحديدية الوطنية | Kereta Api Indonesia |
| الإحصائيات | |
| عدد الركاب | 268.4 million (2015, as of October)[1] |
| البضائع | 26.5 million tonnes (2015, as of October)[2] |
| طول النظام | |
| الإجمالي | 5,042 kilometres (3,133 mi) [3] |
| المكهرب | 235 kilometres (146 mi) |
| عرض السكة | |
| الرئيسي | 3 ft 6 in (1٬067 mm) |
| 1٬435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | (km?) |
| الكهربة | |
| الرئيسية | 1.5 kV DC overhead line |
Urban railway exist in form of commuter rail in Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya. New mass rapid transit and light rail transit system are currently under construction in Jakarta and Palembang.
Indonesia's rail gauge is 1٬067 mm (3 ft 6 in), although 1٬435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) and 750 mm (2 ft 5 1⁄2 in) lines previously existed. Newer constructions in Aceh, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi are using the 1٬435 mm gauge. Most of the Jakarta metropolitan area is electrified at 1500 V DC overhead.
Indonesia's railways are operated by the state-owned PT Kereta Api, its commuter subsidiary, the Kereta Commuter Indonesia, and the airport rail link subsidiary, the Railink. The infrastructure is state-owned, and companies pay a fee for using the railways.
Various narrow gauge industrial tramways operate in Java and Sumatra, serving the sugarcane and oil palm industries.
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History
The first railway line in Indonesia opened in 1867. The railways were gradually expanded by both the state and private companies.
The Japanese occupation and the Indonesian War of Independence left Indonesia's railways in a poor condition. A batch of 100 steam locomotives were ordered in 1950, and dieselisation started in 1953. By the 1980s most mainline services had been dieselised. Electric multiple units were obtained from Japan beginning in the 1970s, replacing 60-year-old electric locomotives.
Since the independence era, all mainline railways in Indonesia have been managed by the state. The owners of the private railway were compensated first, but the system was fully nationalised in 1971.
Infrastructure
Railways on Java
السكك الحديدية في سومطرة
Plans to connect up and fix these isolated lines are included in the Trans-Sumatra Railway plan. Railway services in Sumatra by operational is divided into three regional divisions, which are:
| القسم الإقليمي 1 (شمال سومطرة و آتشيه) |
القسم الإقليمي 2 (غرب سومطرة) |
القسم الإقليمي 3 (جنوب سومطرة و لامپوڠ) |
|---|---|---|
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Railways on Kalimantan
In 2010, Kalimantan is to get a 122 km long 1٬435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge railway for the transport of coal between the Maura Wahau mine and the port of Bengalon.[7]
Usage
Passenger services
Urban rail and rail-based rapid transit
Greater Jakarta
KRL Jabodetabek is the only operational urban rail network in Indonesia. Two MRT networks, some LRT networks, and an airport rail link are being developed to support the public transport network in Greater Jakarta.
High-speed rail
In recent decades, Javan transportation backbones — north coast road and railway system that serves Jakarta-Surabaya corridor, has suffered greatly from both freight and passenger congestion.[8] The plan to build a high-speed railway system in Java has been around for many years. However, it was not until 2008 that the idea had been contemplated seriously. It was Japan International Cooperation Agency's proposal that initiated the idea to build high-speed rail for the Indonesian island of Java, linking up the densely populated corridor from the capital Jakarta to Surabaya city (covering 730 km) in East Java.[9][10] Japan is eager to export their Shinkansen high-speed rail technology abroad. Following up JICA's initial study in 2012, the detailed feasibility study was concluded in 2014. In recent years, Indonesia has been undergoing a revival in railway expansion and upgrades. The high-speed rail corridors have been proposed but not implemented yet, since it was deemed too costly.
The proposed high-speed rail will connect the nation's capital Jakarta with Bandung city in neighboring West Java province, covering a distance of 150 kilometers, and is also expected to expand further, connecting to Indonesia's second largest city, Surabaya in East Java.[11] The project is scheduled to commence in late 2015, and is expected to open its operations to public by 2019.[12]
See also
Notes
- ^ [1]
- ^ http://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/1416
- ^ The Shrinking Indonesian Railways
- ^ New railway on Kalimantan
- ^ "Jokowi promises more funding for Trans-Sulawesi rail project". www.thejakartapost.com. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
- ^ "Indonesia's national rail network aims for more growth, less inequality". The Strait Times. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
- ^ Railway Gazette International November 2010, p56
- ^ Zakir Hussain, The Straits Times/ANN (28 October 2013). "Jakarta mulls high-speed rail system". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
- ^ "Java High Speed Railway Development Project (Phase I)". Japan International Cooperation Agency. 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ Robin Harding in Tokyo, Avantika Chilkoti in Jakarta and Tom Mitchell in Beijing (1 October 2015). "Japan cries foul after Indonesia awards rail contract to China". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةMail - ^ Ben Otto and Anita Rachman (30 September 2015). "Indonesia's Handling of High-Speed Train Project Adds to Business Confusion, Mixed messages to Japan, China come as Indonesia courts foreign investors". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
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المراجع
- United States Central Intelligence Agency (June 2, 2005), The World Fact Book: Indonesia. Retrieved June 17, 2005.
- Garratt, Colin. The World Encyclopedia of Locomotives Anness Publishing (London), 2003, p. 47.
- History of Railways in Indonesia
للاستزادة
- How the Railroad is Modernising Asia, The Advertiser, Adelaide, S. Australia, 22 March 1913. N.B.: The article is of approx. 1,500 words, covering approx. a dozen Asian countries.
وصلات خارجية
- PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Indonesian Railways) Website (Indonesia)
- Railways Info (Indonesia)
- Jabotabek Train Website
- Jakarta Commuter Railways Routes and Schedules (Indonesia)
- Maps of Indonesian Railway Network (Indonesia)
- Steam Railway Photographs - Indonesia