المعرفة

اللغة التوركية القديمة

(تم التحويل من التركية القديمة)
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Proto-Turkic language or Turkic languages.
"Old Turkish" تحوّل إلى هنا. لمطالعة the form of Turkish spoken in what is now modern Turkey during the 11th-15th centuries، انظر Old Anatolian Turkish.

التوركية القديمة (Old Turkic ؛ أيضاً التوركية القديمة الشرقية، تركية أورخون، الأويغورية القديمة) هي أقدم صيغة مثبتة من التوركية، وُجـِدت في نقوش الگوق‌تورك والأويغور التي تعود إلى القرن السابع الميلادي حتى القرن الثالث عشر. وهي أقدم عضو مثبت في فرع أورخون من التوركية، الذي مازال موجوداً في لغة يوگور الغربية الحديثة. إلا أنها ليست سلف اللغة المسماة حالياً الأويغورية؛ السلف المعاصر للأويغور إلى الغرب يُدعى التوركية الوسيطة، ولاحقاً چقطاي أو توركي.

Old Turkic
Old Uyghur
المنطقةCentral Asia and Mongolia
الحقبةevolved into other Turkic languages
Old Turkic, Uyghur alphabet
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3Either:
otk – Old Turkish
oui – Old Uighur
otk Old Turkish
 oui Old Uighur
Glottologoldu1238

Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the Orkhon-Yenisei runiform script, the Old Uyghur alphabet (a form of the Sogdian alphabet), the Brāhmī script, the Manichean alphabet, and the Perso-Arabic script.

Old Turkic often refers not to a single language, but collectively to the closely related and mutually intelligible stages of various Common Turkic branches that were spoken during the late 1st millennium AD.

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المصادر

مصادر التوركية القديمة تنقسم إلى مجمعين:


نظم الكتابة

المقالة الرئيسية: Old Turkic script

The Old Turkic script (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.[1]

The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev.[2]

This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Variants of the script were found from Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east to the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated to between the 8th and 10th centuries.

الأصوات

الأصوات
Front Back
Unr. Rnd. Unr. Rnd.
Close i y ɯ u
Mid e ø o
Open ɑ

Rounded vowels may only occur in the initial syllable. Length is distinctive for all vowels; while most of its daughter languages have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than the short counterpart.

Consonants
Labial Dental Post-
alveolar 		Velar Uvular
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop p b t d tʃ k g q ɢ
Fricative s z ʃ
Tap/Flap ɾ
Approximant ɫ l j

Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: /p/, /d/, /g/, /ɢ/, /l/, /ɾ/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /m/, /ʃ/, and /z/ are not allowed in a word-initial position. The only exceptions are 𐰤𐰀 (ne, “what, which”) and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding a nasal in a word such as 𐰢𐰤 (men, “I”).

اللواحق الإسمية

This is a partial list of nominal suffixes attested to in Old Turkic and known usages.

Denominal

The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as denominal noun suffixes.

Suffix Usages Translation
-ča anča at least one
-ke sigirke
yipke 		sinew
string/thread
-la/-le ayla
tünle
körkle 		thus, like that)
yesterday, night, north)
beautiful
-suq/-sük bağïrsuq liver, entrails
-ra/-re içre inside, within
-ya/-ye bérye
yırya 		here
north
-čïl/-čil igčil sickly
-ğïl/-gil üçgil
qïrğïl 		triangular
grey haired
-nti ékkinti second
-dam/-dem tegridem god-like
tïrtï:/-türti ičtirti
 inside, within
-qı:/-ki ašnuki
üzeki
ebdeki 		former
on or above
in the house
-an/-en/-un oğlan
eren 		children
men, gentlemen
-ğu:/-gü enčgü
tuzğu
buğrağu 		tranquil, at peace
food given to a traveller as a gift
woodwork
-a:ğu:/-e:gü: üčegü
ičegü 		three together
inside human body
-dan/-dun otun
izden 		firewood
track, trace
-ar/-er birer
azar 		one each
a few
-layu:/-leyü börileyü like a wolf
-daš/-deš qarïndaš
yerdeš 		kinsman
compatriot
-mïš/-miš altmïš
yetmiš 		sixty
seventy
-gey küçgey violent
-çaq/-çek and -çuq/-çük ïğïrčaq spindle-whorl
-q/-k (after vowels and -r) -aq/-ek (the normal forms)/-ïq/-ik/-uq/-ük(rare forms) ortuq middle partner
-daq/-dek and(?) -duq/-dük bağırdaq
beligdek
burunduq 		wrap
terrifying
nose ring
-ğuq/-gük çamğuq obectionable
-maq/-mek kögüzmek breastplate
-muq/-a:muq solamuk left-handed (pejorative?)
-naq baqanaq "frog in a horse's hoof" (from baqa frog)
-duruq/-dürük boyunduruq yoke


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Deverbal

The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as deverbal suffixes.

Suffix Usages Translation
-a/-e/-ı:/-i/-u/-ü oprı
adrı
keçe
egri
köni
ötrü 		hollow,valley
branched,forked
evening, night
crooked
straight, upright, lawful
then, so
-ğa/-ge kısğa
öge
bilge
kölige
tilge 		short
wise
wise
shadow
slice
-ğma/-gme tanığma riddle
-çı/-çi otaçı:
okıçı 		healer
priest
-ğuçı/-güçi ayğuçı
bitigüçi 		councilor
scribe
-dı/-di üdründi
ögdi
alkadı
sökti 		chosen,parted,separated,scattered
customs
praised
bran
-tı/-ti arıtı
uzatı
tüketi 		completely, clean
lengthily
completely
-du eğdu
umdul
süktü 		curved knife
desire, covetousness
campaigning
-ğu:/-gü bilegü
kedgü
oğlağü 		whetstone
clothing
gently nurtured
-ingü bilingü
etingü
yeringü
salingü 		be in the know
be prepared
disgusted
be moving violently
-ğa:ç/-geç kışgaç pincers
-ğuç/-güç bıçgüç scissors
-maç/-meç tutmaç "saved" noodle dish
-ğut/-güt alpağut
bayağut 		warrior
merchant

أعمال أدبية

See also

المراجع

  1. ^ Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. ISBN 978-3-933847-00-3.
  2. ^ Sinor, Denis (2002). "Old Turkic". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 4. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 331–333.


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للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

 
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