صاموِل تلدن

صاموِل جونز تلدن Samuel Jones Tilden ‏(9 فبراير 1814 – 4 أغسطس 1886) كان سياسياً أمريكياً وحاكم نيويورك الخامس والعشرون وكان المرشح الديمقراطي للرئاسة في الانتخابات موضع النزاع في 1876. Tilden was the second presidential candidate to lose with a majority of the popular vote and is the only person to win an outright majority of the popular vote in a United States presidential election but lose the election.

Samuel J. Tilden
25th Governor of New York
في المنصب January 1, 1875 – December 31, 1876
النائب	William Dorsheimer
سبقه	John Adams Dix
خلـَفه	Lucius Robinson
Member of the New York State Assembly from New York County's 18th district
في المنصب January 1, 1872 – December 31, 1872
سبقه	Leander Buck
خلـَفه	Barney Biglin
Chair of the New York Democratic Party
في المنصب August 1866 – September 1874
سبقه	Dean Richmond
خلـَفه	Allen C. Beach
Member of the New York State Assembly from New York County
في المنصب 1846–1847 يخدم with 13 others (Multi-member district)
سبقه	Various (Multi-member district)
خلـَفه	Various (Multi-member district)
Corporation Counsel of New York City
في المنصب 1843–1844
سبقه	Alexander W. Bradford
خلـَفه	Stephen Sammons
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	Samuel Jones Tilden (1814-02-09)فبراير 9, 1814 New Lebanon, New York, U.S.
توفي	أغسطس 4, 1886(1886-08-04) (aged 72) Yonkers, New York, U.S.
المثوى	Gov. Samuel J. Tilden Monument, Cemetery of the Evergreens, New Lebanon, New York
الحزب	Democratic
ارتباطات سياسية أخرى	Free Soil (1848)
التعليم	جامعة يل جامعة نيويورك
التوقيع

Tilden was born into a wealthy family in New Lebanon, New York. Attracted to politics at a young age, he became a protégé of Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States. After studying at Yale University and New York University School of Law, Tilden began a legal career in New York City, becoming a noted corporate lawyer. He served in the New York State Assembly and helped launch Van Buren's third party, anti-slavery candidacy in the 1848 presidential election. Though he opposed the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Tilden supported the Union during the American Civil War. After the Civil War, Tilden was selected as the chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, and he managed Democratic nominee Horatio Seymour's campaign in the 1868 presidential election.

Tilden initially cooperated with the state party's Tammany Hall faction, but he broke with them in 1871 due to boss William M. Tweed's rampant corruption. Tilden won election as Governor of New York in 1874, and in that office he helped break up the "Canal Ring". Tilden's battle against public corruption, along with his personal fortune and electoral success in the country's most populous state, made him the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in 1876. Tilden was selected as the nominee on the second ballot of the 1876 Democratic National Convention. In the general election, Tilden faced Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes, another governor with reform credentials. Tilden focused his campaign on civil service reform, support for the gold standard, and opposition to high taxes, but many of his supporters were more concerned with ending Reconstruction in the South.

Most observers initially believed that Tilden had won the election, but disputes in four states left both Tilden and Hayes without a majority of the electoral vote. As Tilden had won 184 electoral votes, one vote shy of a majority, a Hayes victory required that he sweep all of the disputed electoral votes. Against Tilden's wishes, Congress appointed the bipartisan Electoral Commission to settle the controversy. Republicans had a one-seat advantage on the Electoral Commission, and in a series of party-line rulings, ruled that Hayes had won all of the disputed electoral votes. In the Compromise of 1877, Democratic leaders agreed to accept Hayes as the victor in return for the end of Reconstruction. Tilden was a major contender for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1880 and 1884 presidential elections, but declined to run.

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 Early life

Samuel Tilden as a young man

المرشح الديمقراطي صاموِل تيلدن 1876 اعتقد معظم المراقبين في البداية أن تيلدن فاز في الانتخابات، لكن الخلافات في أربع ولايات تركت تيلدن وهايز بدون أغلبية الأصوات الانتخابية. نظرًا لأن تيلدن فاز بـ 184 صوتًا انتخابيًا، تطلب فوز هايز اكتساح جميع الأصوات الانتخابية المتنازع عليها. بعكس رغبات تيلدن، عين الكونجرس لجنة انتخابية للحزبين من أجل تسوية الخلاف. كان لأعضاء الحزب الجمهوري فرصة للحصول على مقعد واحد في اللجنة الانتخابية، وفي سلسلة من الأحكام الحزبية، حكمت أن هايز فاز بجميع الأصوات الانتخابية المتنازع عليها. في تسوية عام 1877، وافق القادة الديمقراطيون على قبول هايز باعتباره المنتصر مقابل إنهاء إعادة الإعمار. كان تيلدن منافسًا رئيسيًا للترشيح الديمقراطي للرئاسة في الانتخابات الرئاسية 1880 و 1884، لكنه رفض الترشح.

 ببليوگرافيا

 المصادر الثانوية

• Archdeacon, Thomas J. (1978). "The Erie Canal Ring, Samuel J. Tilden, and the Democratic Party". New York History. 59 (4): 408–429. JSTOR 23170015.
• Bigelow, John (2009) [1895]. Oldaker, Nikki (ed.). The Life of Samuel J. Tilden (Revised ed.). Show Biz East Productions. ISBN 978-0978669812.
• Clancy, Herbert J. (1958). The Presidential Election of 1880. Loyola University Press. ISBN 978-1-258-19190-0.
• Earle, Jonathan Halperin (2004). Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1824-1854. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807855553.
• Flick, Alexander C. (1939). Samuel J. Tilden: A Study in Political Sagacity. Kennikat Press. OCLC 673301.
• Guenther, Karen (1983). "Potter Committee Investigation of the Disputed Election of 1876". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 61 (3): 281–295. JSTOR 30149125.
• Hirsch, Mark D. (1951). "Samuel J. Tilden: The Story of a Lost Opportunity". The American Historical Review. 56 (4): 788–802. doi:10.2307/1851984. JSTOR 1851984.
• Holt, Michael F. (2008). By One Vote: The Disputed Presidential Election of 1876. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700616084.
• Kahn, David (1996). The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (Revised ed.). Scribner. ISBN 978-0684831305.
• Kelley, Robert (1964). "The Thought and Character of Samuel J. Tilden: The Democrat As Inheritor". The Historian. 26 (2): 176–205. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1964.tb00244.x.
• Morris, Roy (2003). Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2386-1.
• Polakoff, Keith Ian (1973). The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0807102107.
• Quigley, David. Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy. Hill and Wang (2004) ISBN 978-0-8090-8513-2
• Robinson, Lloyd (2001). The Stolen Election: Hayes Versus Tilden—1876. Forge Books. ISBN 978-0765302069.
• Severn, Bill (1968). Samuel J. Tilden and the Stolen Election. I. Washburn. OCLC 448909.
• Rehnquist, William (2004). Centennial Crisis: The Disputed Election of 1876. Knopf. ISBN 978-0375413872.
• White, Richard (2017). The Republic for which it Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865-1896. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199735815.

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 المصادر الرئيسية

• Letters and Literary Memorials of Samuel J. Tilden. Edited by John Bigelow. Volume I (1908) online edition
• Letters and Literary Memorials of Samuel J. Tilden. Edited by John Bigelow. Volume II (1908) online edition
• The Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden. Edited by John Bigelow. Volume I (1885) online edition
• The Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden. Edited by John Bigelow. Volume II (1885) online edition

 وصلات خارجية

• Samuel J. Tilden papers, 1785–1929. Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library
• Samuel Tilden.com
• Hayes-Tilden election described in detail, compared to Bush-Gore election
• Samuel Jones Tilden at Find a Grave
• Texts on Wikisource:
  • "Tilden, Samuel Jones". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
  • "Tilden, Samuel Jones". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (9th ed.). 1888.
  • "Tilden, Samuel Jones". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tilden, Samuel Jones" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • "Tilden, Samuel Jones". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. 
• أعمال من صاموِل تلدن في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• Nikki Oldaker with John Bigelow, 2006, Samuel Tilden the Real 19th President (film)

مناصب حزبية
سبقه Dean Richmond	Chair of the New York Democratic Party 1866–1874	تبعه Allen C. Beach
سبقه Francis Kernan	Democratic nominee for Governor of New York 1874	تبعه Lucius Robinson
سبقه Horace Greeley	Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1876	تبعه Winfield Scott Hancock
مجلس نواب نيويورك
سبقه Leander Buck	Member of the New York Assembly from New York County's 18th district 1872	تبعه Barney Biglin
مناصب سياسية
سبقه جون أدمز ديكس	Governor of New York 1875–1876	تبعه Lucius Robinson