العهد القديم
العهد القديم هو الجزء الأكبر من الكتاب المقدس ويحتوي على جميع كتب اليهود بما فيها التوراة (الكتب الخمسة الأولى).
يتألف العهد القديم من 46 كتاباً يطلق عليها اسم أسفار. وأما الكنائس البروتستانتية فهي تتفق مع اليهود في قبول 39 سفراً فقط، وهي تلك التي دونت باللغة العبرية رافضة اعتبار الكتب المدونة باليونانية أسفاراً قانونية موحاة.
يقسم العهد القديم في التقليد اليهودي إلى التوراة، وهي مؤلفة من خمسة كتب تنسب إلى موسى مع أن فترة كتابتها تزيد على عشرات السنين، وكذلك الأنبياء والكتابات. أما التقليد المسيحي فقد قسم الأسفار إلى التوراة، أسفار الحكمة، الأسفار التاريخية، أسفار الأنبياء.
الكتاب المقدس مكتبة تم تأليفها على يد عدة أشخاص، على مر عدة عصور، لهذا نجد فيها العديد من الفنون الأدبية والكتابية التي تعكس عقلية وبيئة المؤلف. ولهذا لا يعتبر الكتاب منزلاً بل مكتوباً بالهام.
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المحتوى
الجدول
Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon.
Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the Latin Vulgate, formerly the official bible of the Roman Catholic Church.
Books in the Appendix to the Vulgate Bible
| |
| Name in Vulgate |
Name in Eastern Orthodox use |
|---|---|
| 3 Esdras | 1 Esdras |
| 4 Esdras | |
| Prayer of Manasseh | Prayer of Manasseh |
| Psalm of David when he slew Goliath (Psalm 151) | Psalm 151 |
مقالات ذات صلة
- Abrogation of Old Covenant laws
- Biblical and Quranic narratives
- Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
- Books of the Bible
- Covenant (biblical)
- Expounding of the Law
- Timeline of Genesis patriarchs
- Law and Gospel
- List of ancient legal codes
- List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
- Marcion of Sinope
- Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
- Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament
- Supersessionism
- العهد الجديد
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ملاحظات
- ^ The 24 books of the Hebrew Bible are the same as the 39 books of the Protestant Old Testament, only divided and ordered differently: the books of the Minor Prophets are in Christian Bibles twelve different books, and in Hebrew Bibles, one book called "The Twelve". Likewise, Christian Bibles divide the Books of Kingdoms into four books, either 1–2 Samuel and 1–2 Kings or 1–4 Kings: Jewish Bibles divide these into two books. The Jews likewise keep 1–2 Chronicles/Paralipomenon as one book. Ezra and Nehemiah are likewise combined in the Jewish Bible, as they are in many Orthodox Bibles, instead of divided into two books, as per the Catholic and Protestant tradition.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز This book is part of the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish canon. They have a different order in Jewish canon than in Christian canon.
- ^ أ ب ت ث The books of Samuel and Kings are often called First through Fourth Kings in the Catholic tradition, much like the Orthodox.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Names in parentheses are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز One of 11 deuterocanonical books in the Russian Synodal Bible.
- ^ 2 Esdras in the Russian Synodal Bible.
- ^ أ ب Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Septuagint and Hebrew Bibles by considering the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book.
- ^ 1 Esdras in the Russian Synodal Bible.
- ^ أ ب The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther.
- ^ أ ب The Latin Vulgate, Douay-Rheims, and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi; other Catholic translations place them after Esther.
- ^ In Greek Bibles, 4 Maccabees is found in the appendix.
- ^ Eastern Orthodox churches include Psalm 151 and the Prayer of Manasseh, not present in all canons.
- ^ Part of 2 Paralipomenon in the Russian Synodal Bible.
- ^ أ ب In Catholic Bibles, Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the Letter of Jeremiah. Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh.
- ^ Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate.
- ^ Hebrew (minority view); see Letter of Jeremiah for details.
- ^ أ ب In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles, Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles. The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are included between Daniel 3:23–24. Susanna is included as Daniel 13. Bel and the Dragon is included as Daniel 14. These are not in the Protestant Old Testament.
الهامش
- ^ Baruch, 1911
External links
- Bible gateway, http://www.biblegateway.com/. Full texts of the Old (and New) Testaments including the full Roman and Orthodox Catholic canons
- Early Jewish Writings, http://earlyjewishwritings.com/ - Tanakh
- "Old Testament", Écritures, La feuille d'Olivier, Archived from the original on 2010-12-07, https://web.archive.org/web/20101207051208/http://lafeuilledolivier.com/Ecritures/OT.htm Protestant Old Testament on a single page
- "Old Testament", Reading Room, CA: Tyndale Seminary, http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/oldt. Extensive online OT resources (incl. commentaries)
- Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible), Yale University, https://oyc.yale.edu/NODE/241
- "Old Testament". Encyclopedia.com. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
- Bible, X10 host, http://www.bible.x10host.com/: Old Testament stories and commentary
- Tanakh ML, http://www.tanakhml.org/ – Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and the King James Version