المعرفة

البلدان النوردية

(تم التحويل من Nordic countries)
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Scandinavia.

دول الشَّمال كما تُعرف باسم البلدان النوردية هو اسم يُطلق على منطقة جغرافية تمتدُّ عبر شمال أوروبا وشمال المحيط الأطلسي، وتضم دول آيسلندا والدنمارك والسويد وفنلندا والنرويج، بالإضافة إلى المناطق التي التابعة لهم وهي أولاند وغرينلاند وجزر الفارو. يُستخدم مصطلح إسكندنافيا أحياناً في اللغة الإنكليزية للإشارة إلى دول الشمال، على الرغم من أنه يستنثى غرينلاند، ومن أنه غالباً ما تُقصد به الإشارة إلى دول الدنمارك والسويد والنرويج وحدها.[2]

Nordic countries

Land controlled by the Nordic countries shown in dark green. Bouvet Island and Antarctic claims not shown.
Land controlled by the Nordic countries shown in dark green. Bouvet Island and Antarctic claims not shown.
Capitals
اللغات الرسمية
اللغات الإقليمية المعترف بها
Composition5 sovereign states

2 autonomous territories

1 autonomous region

2 unincorporated areas

1 dependency

2 Antarctic claims

التأسيس
• Inauguration of the Nordic Council
12 February 1953
23 March 1962
• Inauguration of the Nordic Council of Ministers
July 1971
المساحة
• الإجمالية
6,125,804 km2 (2,365,186 sq mi)[أ] (7th)
التعداد
• تقدير 2021
27,562,156 (52nd)
• إحصاء 2000
24,221,754
• الكثافة
7.62/km2 (19.7/sq mi) (225th)
ن.م.إ. (ق.ش.م.)تقدير 2019 
• الإجمالي
$1.6 trillion[1] (19th)
• للفرد
$58,000 (13th)
ن.م.إ.  (الإسمي)تقدير 2021 
• الإجمالي
$1.8 trillion (10th)
• للفرد
$66,900 (15th)
العملة
جانب السواقةright
مفتاح الهاتف

تتشارك دول المنطقة الخمس ومناطقها ذاتية الحكم الثلاث تاريخاً واحداً، كما أن شعوبها ذات تقاليد ووثقافات متشابهة ومتقاربة، ويَشمل ذلك أنظمتها السياسية والاجتماعية المُختلفة. لا تُمثل دول الشمال كياناً واحداً سياسياً، غير أنها تعمل معاً بشكل مشترك في ما يُسمَّى مجلس الشمال. يَبلغ إجمالي عدد سكان دول الشمال 25 مليون نسمة، يَقطنون على أرض تمتد عبر 3.5 كم² (وتشغل غرينلاند وحدها 60% تقريباً من هذه المساحة).

على الرغم من أن المنطقة لا تملك رابطة لغوية موحدة، حيث تنقسم فيما بينَ ثلاث مجموعات مختلفة وغير مرتبطة ببعضها من اللغات، فإن التراث اللغوي الموحد بين هذه الدول هو أحد السمات الإضافية لدول الشمال. فاللغات الإسكندنافية القارية (الدنماركية والسويدية والنرويجية) تُعد مفهومة تبادلياً. تُدرِّس هذه اللغات في مدارس دول الشمال المُختلفة، فعلى سبيل المثال تعد اللغة السويدية مادة دراسية إلزامية في فنلندا لطلاب المدارس، كما أن اللغة الدنماركية إلزامية هي الأخرى في المدارس الآيسلندية والغرينلاندية والفاروية. ولهذه الأسباب، فإن اللغات الإسكندنافية القارية الثلاث تعتبر لغات التواصل المشترك لكافة دول الشمال. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك فإن اللغات الإسكندنافية الجزرية (الفاروية والآيسلندية) تنتمي كلاها جنباً إلى جنب مع اللغات القارية الثلاث إلى مجموعة اللغات الهندية الأوروبية، وأما اللغة الفينيَّة ولغة السامي اللتين تتحدثان في السويد وفنلندا وشمال النرويج فهما تنتميان إلى اللغات الأورالية، فيما أن الغرينلاندية فهي وحدها تنتمي إلى مجموعة اللغات الإسكيمو أليوتية. دينيًا تهيمن البروتستانتية اللوثرية على كافة دول الشمال.

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تسميات دول الشمال وإسكندنافيا

عادة ما يُستَخدم مصطلح إسكندنافيا للإشارة إلى هذه المنطقة الجغرافية في دول السويد والنرويج والدنمارك وحدها، لكن في المُقابل يُستخدم مصطلح دول الشمال بدلاً منه في فنلندا وآيسلندا فضلاً عن تلك الدول الثلاث نفسها والمناطق التابعة لها (أولاند وغرينلاند وجزر الفارو).[3] وهكذا فمن المُمكن اعتبار إسكندنافيا تقسيماً ثانوياً لمنطقة دول الشمال. كما يُشار أيضاً إلى إسكندنافيا جنباً إلى جنب مع فنلندا وكاريليا باسم فينوسكانديا، مع استثناء الدنمارك والمناطق التابعة لها، لكن مع ذلك فإن استخدام هذا المصطلح محدود بشكل رئيسي في علم الجيولوجيا، عند الحديث عن الدرع الفينوسكاندي.

تضمُّ دول الشمال الدول الآتية:

بالإضافة إلى مناطق الحكم الذاتي التابعة لها:

  • Nordic countries (orange and red) and Scandinavian countries (red)

  • A satellite photograph of Northern Europe


القائمة

الدول

Sovereign state Kingdom of Denmark[4] Republic of Finland[5] Iceland[6] Kingdom of Norway[7] Kingdom of Sweden[8]
Flag          
Coat of arms          
Official local name Kongeriget Danmark[4] Suomen tasavalta[5]
Republiken Finland[5] 		Ísland[6][9] Kongeriket Norge[7]
Kongeriket Noreg[7]
Norgga gonagasriika[10] 		Konungariket Sverige[8]
Local common name Danmark Suomi
Finland 		Ísland Norge
Noreg 		Sverige
English common name Denmark[4] Finland[5] Iceland[6] Norway[7] Sweden[8]
Population (2021 estimate) 5,894,687[4] 5,587,442[5] 354,234[6] 5,509,591[7] 10,261,767[8]
المساحة 43,094 km2[4] 338,145 km2[5] 103,000 km2[6] 385,207 km2[7] 450,295 km2[11]
Population density (2015 estimate) 129.5/km2[4] 16.2/km2[5] 3.2/km2[6] 13.5/km2[7] 22.9/km2[8]
العاصمة كوبنهاگن[4] هلسنكي[5] ريكياڤيك[6] أوسلو[7] ستوكهولم[8]
Largest urban areas
[بحاجة لمصدر] 		كوبنهاگن – 2,057,142
Aarhus – 330,639
Odense – 213,558
Aalborg – 205,809
Esbjerg – 116,032 		هلسنكي – 1,488,236
Tampere – 370,084
Turku – 315,751
Oulu – 200,400
Jyväskylä – 140,812 		ريكياڤيك – 201,049
Akureyri – 18,103
Reykjanesbær – 14,000
Akranes – 6,699
Selfoss – 6,512 		أوسلو – 1,043,168
Bergen – 265,470
Stavanger/Sandnes – 229,911
Trondheim – 191,771
Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg – 117,510 		ستوكهولم – 2,371,774
Gothenburg – 1,015,974
Malmö – 707,120
Helsingborg – 272,873
Uppsala – 253,704
شكل الحكومة Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[4] Unitary parliamentary republic[5] Unitary parliamentary republic[6] Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[7] Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[8]
Current head of state and government Margrethe II[4] (Queen)
Mette Frederiksen[4] (Prime Minister) 		Sauli Niinistö[5] (President)
Petteri Orpo[12] (Prime Minister) 		Guðni Th. Jóhannesson[6] (President)
Katrín Jakobsdóttir[6] (Prime Minister) 		Harald V[7] (King)
Jonas Gahr Støre[7] (Prime Minister) 		Carl XVI Gustaf[8] (King)
Ulf Kristersson[13] (Prime Minister)
European Free Trade Association No No Yes Yes No
الاتحاد الأوروپي Yes Yes No No Yes
European Economic Area Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Official languages Danish[4] Finnish[5] and Swedish[5] Icelandic[6] Norwegian[7] and Sami Swedish[8]
Official or recognized minority languages German (in South Jutland)[4] Sami, Romani, Sign Language, Karelian Sign Language Kven, Tavringer, Romani Finnish, Sami, Romani, Yiddish and Meänkieli[8]
Main religions 74.8% Lutheran[4]
5.3% Islam[4]
19.9% other, unspecified or no religion[4] 		67.8% Lutheran[14]
1.1% Orthodox[14]
1.7% other religion[14]
29.4% unspecified or no religion[14] 		63.5% Lutheran[15]
11.7% other Christian[15]
3.3% other religion[15]
21.5% unspecified or no religion[15] 		68.7% Lutheran
7.0% other Christian
3.4% Islam
0.8% other religion
20.2% no religion[16][17][18] 		60.2% Lutheran[8]
8.5% other[8]
31.3% no religion[8]
GDP (nominal) (2016) $306.7 billion[19][20][21][22] $236.8 billion[19][20][21][22] $20.0 billion[19][20][21][22] $370.4 billion[19][20][21][22] $511.3 billion[19][20][21][22]
GDP (nominal) per capita (2016)[23][24][25] $53,744[23][24][25] $43,169[23][24][25] $59,629[23][24][25] $70,392[23][24][25] $51,165[23][24][25]
GDP (PPP) (2016)[26][27][28] $273.8 billion[26][27][28] $231.3 billion[26][27][28] $16.5 billion[26][27][28] $364.4 billion[26][27][28] $498.1 billion[26][27][28]
GDP (PPP) per capita (2016) $47,985[29][30][31] $42,165[29][30][31] $49,136[29][30][31] $69,249[29][30][31] $49,836[29][30][31]
Real GDP growth rate (2019 est.) 2.85%[32] 1.15%[32] 1.94%[32] 0.86%[32] 1.29%[32]
العملة Danish krone[4] Euro[5] Icelandic króna[6] Norwegian krone[7] Swedish krona[8]
الإنفاق العسكري 1.41% of GDP 1.99% of GDP[33] 0.13% of GDP 1.4% of GDP 1.18% of GDP
Military personnel 72,135[34] 900,000[35] 130[36] 69,700[37] 57,000[38]
Labour force[39] 2,962,340 2,677,260 197,200 2,781,420 5,268,520
Human Development Index rank (2021 data, 2022 report) 6 11 3 2 7
ترتيب Corruption Perceptions Index (2022) 1 2 14 4 5
Press Freedom Index rank (2022)[40] 2 5 15 1 3
Fragile States Index rank (2022) 175 179 177 178 170
Economic Freedom rank (2023) 10 9 13 14 11
Global Competitiveness rank (2019) 10 11 26 17 8
Environmental Performance rank (2020) 1 7 17 9 8
Good Country rank (2022) 2 5 20 11 1
Global Gender Gap Report rank (2022) 31 2 1 3 5
World's Mothers report rank (2014) 6 1 4 2 3
World Happiness Report rank (2023) 2 1 3 7 6
The figures in this table do not include the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Åland, Jan Mayen, Svalbard, Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, and Queen Maud Land.


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Associated territories and other areas

Territory / Area Faroe Islands[41] Greenland[42] Åland Svalbard
العلم        
Coat of arms        
Official local name Føroyar
Færøerne[41] 		Kalaallit Nunaat[42]
Grønland 		Landskapet Åland Svalbard
Population
(2016 estimate) 		49,188[41] 56,483[42] 29,013 2,667
Area 1,393 km2[41] 2,166,086 km2[42] 1,580 km2 61,022 km2
Population density 35.5/km2 0.028/km2 18.36/km2 0.044/km2
Capital city Tórshavn[41] Nuuk[42] Mariehamn Longyearbyen
Largest urban areas Tórshavn – 12,648
Klaksvík – 4,681
Hoyvík – 2,951
Argir – 1,907
Fuglafjørður – 1,542 		Nuuk – 16,464
Sisimiut – 5,598
Ilulissat – 4,541
Qaqortoq – 3,229
Aasiaat – 3,142 		Mariehamn – 11,521
Jomala – 4,646
Finström – 2,529
Lemland – 1,991
Saltvik – 1,827 		Longyearbyen – 2,144
Barentsburg – 471
Ny-Ålesund – ~30–130
Isbjørnhamna – ~10–12
Sovereign state   Kingdom of Denmark[41][42]   فنلندا قالب:Country data Kingdom of Norway
Status Autonomous territory Autonomous region Unincorporated area
Form of government Devolved parliamentary
within a constitutional monarchy[41] 		Devolved parliamentary
within a constitutional monarchy[42] 		Unitary parliamentary republic Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy[7]
Current head of state and government Margrethe II (Queen)
Aksel V. Johannesen (Premier) 		Margrethe II[42] (Queen)
Múte Bourup Egede[42] (Premier) 		Sauli Niinistö (President)
Veronica Thörnroos (Lantråd) 		Harald V[7] (King)
Jonas Gahr Støre[7] (Prime Minister)
European Union No No, OCT Yes No
European Economic Area No No Yes No
المجلس النوردي Associate member Associate member Associate member No individual representation
Main languages Faroese,[41] Danish[41] Greenlandic,[42] Danish[42] Swedish Norwegian[7]
Main religions 89.3% Lutheran
6% unspecified
3.8% none[41] 		96.08% Lutheran
0.79% Inuit spiritual beliefs
2.48% atheist+agnostic 		72.0% Lutheran
1.3% Other religion
26.7% No religion[43]
GDP (nominal) $2.77 billion[19][20][21][22] $2.22 billion[19][20][21][22]
GDP (nominal) per capita $50,300[23][24][25] $43,365[23][24][25]
GDP (PPP) $1.471 billion[26][27][28] $2.173 billion[26][27][28] $1.563 billion
GDP (PPP) per capita $36,600[29][30][31] $37,900[29][30][31] $55,829
Real GDP growth rate 5.90% (2017 est.)[32][44] 7.70% (2016 est.)[32][44]
Currency Faroese króna[41]
Danish krone 		Danish krone[42] Euro Norwegian krone[7]

السكان

 
يُمثل سكان السويد 40% تقريباً من مجمل سكان دول الشمال، فيما لا تمثل آيسلندا سوى أقل من 2%. وأما الدول الثلاث الأخرى فكل منها يُمثل نسبة 20% تقريباً، وهي النرويج والدنمارك وفنلندا.
اسم الدولة عدد السكان
(2011) 		المصدر العاصمة
  السويد 9,433,875 [45] ستوكهولم
  الدنمارك 5,564,219 [46] كوبنهاغن
  گرينلاند 56,615 [47] نوك
  جزر فارو 48,596 [48] تورسهافن
  فنلندا 5,397,874 [49] هلسنكي
قالب:جزر أولاند 27,734 [50] ماريهامن
  النرويج 4,954,661 [51] أوسلو
  آيسلندا 318,452 [52] ريكيافيك
الإجمالي 25,779,428 [53] -


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التاريخ

للمزيد من المعلومات: تاريخ اسكندنافيا

خط زمني

Nordic political entities
Century Danes Greenlanders Faroese Icelanders Norwegians Swedes Finns
8th Prehistoric Danish
(East-Norse) 		Prehistoric Greenlandic
(Paleo-Eskimo
and West-Norse) 		Prehistoric Faroese
(West-Norse) 		Prehistoric Icelandic
(West-Norse) 		Prehistoric Norwegian
(West-Norse) 		Prehistoric Swedish
(East-Norse) 		Prehistoric Finnish
(Finnic)
9th Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
10th Denmark Icelandic Commonwealth
11th
12th Sweden
13th
14th
15th Kalmar Union
16th Denmark-Norway Sweden
17th
18th
19th Denmark United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway Grand Duchy of Finland
20th Denmark Greenland Faroe Islands Iceland Norway Sweden Finland
21st

Italics indicates a dependent territory.

التاريخ المبكر والعصور الوسطى

للمزيد من المعلومات: قبل التاريخ الاسكندنافي
 
Effigy of Queen Margaret، مؤسس وحاكم اتحاد كالمار
 
Kalmar Union, 1400ح. 1400

Little evidence remains in the Nordic countries of the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, or the Iron Age with the exception of a limited numbers of tools created from stone, bronze and iron, some jewelry and ornaments and stone burial cairns. However, one important collection that exists is a widespread and rich collection of stone drawings known as petroglyphs. The Goths, who originated in southern Scandinavia and would later divide into Visigoths and Ostrogoths, are known to have been one of the Germanic people that would later relate to the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. However, these acquired the Latin culture of Rome.[54]


العصران الحديث المتأخر والمعاصر

 
رؤساء الوزراء النورديون في لقاء المجلس النوردي في 2014 في ستوكهولم

During the two world wars and the Cold War, the five small Nordic states were forced into difficult balancing acts, but retained their independence and developed peaceful democracies. The Nordic states had been neutral during World War I, but during World War II they could no longer stand apart from world politics. The Soviet Union attacked Finland in 1939 and Finland ceded territory following the Winter War. In 1941, Finland launched a retaliatory strike in conjunction with the German attack on the Soviet Union. However, more territory was lost and for many years to come Finnish foreign policy was based on appeasing the Soviet Union, even though Finland was able to retain its democratic form of government. Denmark and Norway were occupied by Germany in 1940. The Allies responded by occupying Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Sweden managed to formally maintain its neutrality in the Axis/Allies conflict and avoided direct hostilities, but in practice it adapted to the wishes of the dominant power – first Germany, later the Allies. However, during the Winter War between Finland and Russia in 1939–1940, Sweden did support Finland and declared itself "non combatant" rather than neutral.

الجغرافيا

انظر أيضاً: Geography of Åland, Geography of Denmark, Geography of the Faroe Islands, Geography of Finland, Geography of Greenland, Geography of Iceland, Geography of Norway, and Geography of Sweden
 
Satellite map of the European part of the Nordic countries, except for Jan Mayen and Svalbard
 
The Öresund Bridge between Malmö in Sweden and Copenhagen in Denmark

The Nordic countries and self-governing regions in alphabetic order – number of inhabitants (2018), area (km2) and population density (people/km2):

Country Inhabitants Area Pop. density
Denmark 5,806,014 42,933 135
Faroe Islands 50,322 1,393 36
Finland 5,520,535 338,424 16
Iceland 355,620 102,775 3.5
Norway 5,323,933 385,203 14
Sweden 10,313,447 450,295 23
Åland 29,884 1,580 18
Total 27,301,531 1,322,603 21
Source:[55]

Denmark is by far the most densely populated country, whilst Sweden, Norway and Finland are low populated and similar to each other from this perspective. Iceland has both the lowest population and by far the lowest population density. But large areas in Finland, Norway and Sweden, like most of Iceland, are unpopulated. There are no such areas in Denmark. Denmark has a population density around continental average, higher than for instance France and Poland but lower when compared to the United Kingdom, Italy or Germany. Finland, Norway and Sweden has a population density that is a little lower than the United States, but higher than Canada. In round figures, Iceland's population density resembles Canada's.

Land and water area

للمزيد من المعلومات: Exclusive economic zone
 
Share of total area in the Nordic countries in 2012

This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes land and internal waters.

Rank Country Area EEZ Shelf EEZ+TIA
1 Sweden 447,420 160,885 154,604 602,255
2 Norway 385,203 2,385,178 434,020 2,770,404
3 Finland 338,534 87,171 85,109 425,590
4 Iceland 103,440 751,345 108,015 854,345
5 Denmark (including Greenland) 2,210,579 2,551,238 495,657 4,761,811
Total (excluding Greenland) 1,318,158 3,751,563 - 5,064,065
Total 3,484,244 5,935,817 1,277,405 9,414,405

الدنمارك

 
The exclusive economic zones and territorial waters of the Kingdom of Denmark

The Kingdom of Denmark includes the home-rule (hjemmestyre) territory of the Faroe Islands and the self-rule (selvstyre) territory of Greenland.

Region EEZ & TW
Area (km2)[56] 		Land area Total
Denmark 105 989 42 394 149 083
Faroe Islands 260 995 1 399 262 394
Greenland 2 184 254 2 166 086 4 350 340
Total 2 551 238 2 210 579 4 761 817

The Nordic countries have a combined area of around 3.5 million square kilometres and their geography is extremely varied. The area is so vast that it covers five time zones. To the east the region borders Russia, and on the west the Canadian coastline can be seen from Greenland on a clear day. Even excluding Greenland and the Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, the remaining part of the Nordic countries covers around 1.3 million square kilometres. This is about the same area as France, Germany and Italy together. To the south, the countries neighbor the Baltic states, Poland, Germany and the United Kingdom, while to the north there is the Arctic Ocean.[57]

Notable natural features of the Nordic countries include the Norwegian fjords, the Archipelago Sea between Finland and Sweden, the extensive volcanic and geothermal activity of Iceland, and Greenland, which is the largest island in the world. The southernmost point of the Nordic countries is Gedser, on the island of Falster in Denmark. The northernmost point is Kaffeklubben Island in Greenland, which is also the northernmost point of land on Earth. The largest cities and capitals of the Nordic countries are situated on the southern parts of the region, with the exception of Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland. Helsinki, Oslo and Stockholm are all close to the same latitude as the southernmost point of Greenland, Egger Island (Itilleq): about 60°N.

الطبوغرافيا

انظر أيضاً: Muddus plains and Sub-Cambrian peneplain

All of Denmark and most of Finland lie below 200 m and the topography of both is relatively flat. In Denmark, moraines and tunnel valleys add some relief to the landscape while in Finland the surroundings of lakes Pielinen and Päijänne display some moderate relief. The Finnish area just east of Bothnian Bay stands out as the largest plain in the Nordic countries.[58] The Scandinavian Mountains dominate the landscape of Norway. The southern part of the Scandinavian Mountains is broader than the northern one and contains higher peaks. The southern part contains also a series of plateaux and gently undulating plains. The western parts of the mountains are cut by fjords, producing a dramatic landscape. The landscape of Sweden can be described as a mixture of that of Norway, Finland and Denmark. Except at the High Coast the coastal areas of Sweden form lowlands. Sweden has three highland areas, the South Swedish Highlands, the Scandinavian Mountains and the Norrland terrain which is the eastern continuation of the Scandinavian Mountains.[58] The South Swedish Highland and the Norrland terrain are separated by the Central Swedish lowland. The topography of Iceland stands out among the Nordic countries for being a bowl-formed highland.[58]

المناخ

المقالة الرئيسية: مناخ البلدان النوردية
 
Average temperatures in the capitals of the Nordic countries in 2012

Despite their northern location, the Nordic countries generally have a mild climate compared with other countries that share globally the same latitudes. The climate in the Nordic countries is mainly influenced by their northern location, but remedied by the vicinity to the ocean and the Gulf Stream which brings warm ocean currents from the tip of Florida. Even far to the north, the winters can be quite mild, though north of the Polar Circle the climate zone is mostly subarctic with harsh winters and short summers. In Greenland and Svalbard the climate is polar. The sea has a heavy influence on the weather in the western coastal zones of Iceland, Norway, Denmark and Sweden. The precipitation is high and snow cover during winters is rare. Summers are generally cool.

The further away that one gets from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream the colder it gets during the winters. Finland, most of Sweden and the south-eastern part of Norway are influenced by the vast continent to the east which results in warm and long summers and clear and cold winters, often with snow. For example, Bergen at the west coast of Norway normally has a temperature above zero in February while Helsinki in Finland normally will have a temperature of 7–8 °C below zero during the same month.[59]

Climatic conditions and quality of land have determined how land is used in the Nordic countries. In densely populated mainland Denmark there is hardly any wild nature left. Most of the scarce forests are plantations and nearly 60 per cent of Denmark's total area is cultivated or zoned as gardens or parks. On the other hand, in the other Nordic countries there is much wild nature left. Only between 0 and 9 per cent of the land in the other Nordic countries is cultivated. Around 17 per cent of the land area in Iceland is used for permanent meadows and pastures and both Finland, Norway as well as Sweden have large forest areas.[60]

السياسة

انظر أيضاً: Politics of Åland, Politics of Denmark, Politics of Greenland, Politics of the Faroe Islands, Politics of Finland, Politics of Iceland, Politics of Norway, and Politics of Sweden

البعد السياسي والتقسيمات

 
Signing the Helsinki Treaty in 1962

The Nordic region has a political dimension in the joint official bodies called the Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers. The Helsinki Treaty, signed on 23 March 1962 entered into force on 1 July 1962 and is the political agreement which sets the framework for Nordic cooperation. 23 March is celebrated as the "Nordic Day" as the treaty is sometimes referred to as the constitution of the Nordic cooperation.[61][62][63]

Several aspects of the common market as in the EU have been implemented decades before the EU implemented them. Intra-Nordic trade is not covered by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), but by local law. The Nordic countries have cooperated closely in the administrative and consular fields since the Nordic Passport Union was established and the Helsinki Treaty concluded. According to the Helsinki Treaty, public officials in the foreign services of any of the Nordic countries are to assist citizens of another Nordic country if that country is not represented in the territory concerned.[64]

المجلس النوردي ومجلس الوزراء النورديون

المقالة الرئيسية: المجلس النوردي
 
Nordic Council in session at the Parliament of Norway in 2007

Nordic cooperation is based on the Helsinki Treaty.[65] Politically, Nordic countries do not form a separate entity, but they cooperate in the Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers. The council was established after World War II and its first concrete result was the introduction of a Nordic Passport Union in 1952. This resulted in a common labour market and free movement across borders without passports for the countries' citizens. In 1971, the Nordic Council of Ministers, an intergovernmental forum, was established to complement the council. The Nordic Council and the Council of Ministers have their headquarters in Copenhagen and various installations in each separate country, as well as many offices in neighbouring countries. The headquarters are located at Ved Stranden No. 18, close to Slotsholmen.

The Nordic Council consists of 87 representatives, elected from its members' parliaments and reflecting the relative representation of the political parties in those parliaments. It holds its main session in the autumn, while a so-called "theme session" is arranged in the spring. Each of the national delegations has its own secretariat in the national parliament. The autonomous territories – Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Åland – also have Nordic secretariats.[66] The Council does not have any formal power on its own, but each government has to implement any decisions through its country's legislative assembly. With Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Finland being members of NATO and Sweden being neutral, the Nordic Council has not been involved in any military cooperation. However, the Nordic foreign and security policy cooperation has become closer and over the past few years expanded its scope.[67][68]

The Nordic Council of Ministers is responsible for inter-governmental cooperation. Prime ministers have ultimate responsibility, but this is usually delegated to the Minister for Nordic Cooperation and the Nordic Committee for Co-operation, which coordinates the day-to-day work. The autonomous territories have the same representation as states.[69]

النموذج النوردي

المقالة الرئيسية: النموذج النوردي
 
Vote percentage over time of the main social democratic parties in Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway.
  Labour Party (Norway)
  Swedish Social Democratic Party
  Social Democrats (Denmark)
  Social Democratic Party of Finland

The Nordic countries share an economic and social model, which involves the combination of a market economy with a welfare state financed with heavy taxes. The welfare states were largely developed by strong social democrat parties and in Finland with cooperation with the Agrarian League. Although the specifics differ between countries and there are ongoing political arguments, there is a strong consensus about keeping to the general concept.

A central theme in the Nordic model is the "universalist" welfare state aimed specifically at enhancing individual autonomy, promoting social mobility and ensuring the universal provision of basic human rights, as well as for stabilising the economy. In this model welfare is not just aid to those who are in need of it, but a central part of the life of everybody: education is free, healthcare has zero or nominal fees in most cases, most children go to municipal day care, etc.

The Nordic model is distinguished from other types of welfare states by its emphasis on maximising labour force participation, promoting gender equality, egalitarian and extensive benefit levels, the large magnitude of income redistribution and liberal use of expansionary fiscal policy. Trade unions are strong.

The model has been successful: the countries are among the wealthiest worldwide and there is little social unrest. In 2015, Save the Children ranked[70] the Nordic countries as number 1–5 of countries where mothers and children fare the best (among 179 countries studied).

الانتخابات

انظر أيضاً: Elections in Denmark, Elections in Greenland, Elections in the Faroe Islands, Elections in Finland, Elections in Åland, Elections in Iceland, Elections in Norway, and Elections in Sweden
 
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir served as the fourth President of Iceland from 1980 to 1996 and was the world's first democratically elected female head of state

Nordic parliaments are all based on a one-chamber system. The Norwegian parliament, the Storting, did actually function as two separate chambers until 2009 when dealing with certain issues. The Icelandic Althing, founded in 930 AD, is reputed to be the oldest working parliament in the world. However, it was dissolved for much of the first half of the 19th century. In Denmark, Iceland and Sweden elections are held at least once every four years. Finland, Åland and Norway have fixed four-year election periods. Elections in the Faroe Islands and Greenland follow the Danish system of elections. The Danish Folketing has 179 seats, including two seats each for the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The Finnish Eduskunta has 200 seats, including one seat for Åland. The Icelandic Althing has 63 seats, the Norwegian Storting 169 seats and the Swedish Riksdag 349 seats. The Faroese Løgting has 32 seats, Greenland's Inatsisartut 31 seats and Åland's Lagtinget 30 seats.[71]

Nordic citizens – and in the three member countries of the EU also EU citizens – living in another Nordic country are normally entitled to vote in local government elections after three months of residence, while other foreign citizens have to reside in the Nordic countries for three to four years before they are eligible to vote. In Denmark and the Faroe Islands, the percentage turn-out at elections is close to 90% per cent, but it is only about 67% in Åland and Finland. Men are more often elected to the national assembly compared to women. The biggest bias between the two sexes is seen in the Faroe Islands and Åland, while in Sweden men and women are close to being equally represented in the national assembly.[72]

Nordic Passport Union

المقالة الرئيسية: Nordic Passport Union
 
Nordic flags

The Nordic Passport Union, created in 1954 and implemented on 1 May 1958, allows citizens of the Nordic countries: Denmark (Faroe Islands included since 1 January 1966, Greenland not included), Sweden, Norway (Svalbard, Bouvet Island and Queen Maud Land not included), Finland and Iceland (since 24 September 1965) to cross approved border districts without carrying and having their passport checked. Other citizens can also travel between the Nordic countries' borders without having their passport checked, but still have to carry some sort of approved travel identification documents. During the 2015 European migrant crisis, temporary border controls were set up between Denmark and Sweden to control the movement of refugees into Sweden.[73]

Since 1996, these countries have been part of the larger EU directive Schengen Agreement area, comprising 30 countries in Europe. Border checkpoints have been removed within the Schengen Area and only a national ID card is required. Within the Nordic area any means of proving one's identity, e.g. a driving licence, is valid for Nordic citizens because of the Nordic Passport Union. When traveling to other countries than the Nordics, public officials in the foreign services of any of the Nordic countries are to assist citizens of another Nordic country if that country is not represented in the territory concerned, according to the Helsinki Treaty.[74]

Since 25 March 2001, the Schengen acquis has fully applied to the five countries of the Nordic Passport Union (except for the Faroe Islands). There are some areas in the Nordic Passport Union that give extra rights for Nordic citizens, not covered by Schengen, such as less paperwork if moving to a different Nordic country and fewer requirements for naturalisation.

التكامل الأوروبي والتعاون الدولي

انظر أيضاً: European integration
Organisation Denmark Finland Iceland Norway Sweden
CoE نعم نعم نعم نعم نعم
Nordic Council نعم نعم نعم نعم نعم
EU نعم نعم لا لا نعم
EEA {{N/A}} {{N/A}} نعم نعم {{N/A}}
EFTA {{N/A}} {{N/A}} نعم نعم {{N/A}}
Eurozone لا نعم لا لا لا
Schengen Area نعم نعم نعم نعم نعم
NATO نعم نعم نعم نعم TBD
OECD نعم نعم نعم نعم نعم
UN نعم نعم نعم نعم نعم
WTO نعم نعم نعم نعم نعم

The political cooperation between the Nordic countries has not led to a common policy or an agreement on the countries' memberships in the EU, Eurozone and NATO. Norway and Iceland are the only Nordic countries not members of the EU – both countries are instead members of EFTA. Sweden is the only Nordic country not a member of NATO. Denmark and Finland participate in both organizations. Only Finland is a member of the Eurozone. The Nordics are however all part of the European lex. The tasks and policies of the EU overlap with the Nordic Council significantly, e.g. the Schengen Agreement, Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union and Free Movement Directive partially supersedes the Nordic passport-free zone and the common Nordic labor market. The Schengen Area covers all the Nordic countries, excluding the Faroe Island and Svalbard.

Additionally, certain areas of Nordic countries have special relationships with the EU. For example, Finland's autonomous island province Åland is not a part of the EU VAT zone.

In the EU, the Northern Dimension refers to external and cross-border policies covering the Nordic countries, the Baltic countries and Russia.

There is no explicit provision in the Treaty on European Union or Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union that takes Nordic cooperation into account. However, the Treaties provide that international agreements concluded by the Member States before they become members of the Union remain valid, even if they are contrary to the provisions of Union law. Each Member State must nonetheless take all necessary measures to eliminate any discrepancies as quickly as possible. Nordic cooperation can therefore in practice only be designed to the extent that it complies with Union law. Sweden and Finland issued a joint declaration when they joined the EU:[75] "The Contracting Parties notes that Sweden [...] and Finland, as members of the European Union, intend to continue their Nordic co-operation, both with each other and with other countries and territories, in full compliance with Community law and other provisions of the Maastricht Treaty".

Article 121 of the EEA-agreement states that "the provisions of the Agreement shall not preclude cooperation: (a) within the framework of the Nordic cooperation to the extent that such cooperation does not impair the good functioning of this Agreement".[76]


الزعماء الحاليون

All the Nordic countries are long-established parliamentary democracies. Denmark, Norway and Sweden have a political system of constitutional monarchy, in which a nonpolitical monarch acts as head of state and the de facto executive power is exercised by a cabinet led by a prime minister. Margrethe II has reigned in Denmark as Queen Regnant and head of state since 14 January 1972, Carl XVI Gustaf became King of Sweden on 15 September 1973 and King Harald V of Norway has reigned since 17 January 1991.

Finland and Iceland have been parliamentary republics since their independence. Both countries are led by prime ministers, whilst the directly elected president acts mostly as a ceremonial head of state with some legislative power. Finland had a long tradition of having a strong presidential system, since in the beginning of its independence Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse was elected to the throne of Finland and Finland was to become a monarchy. This failed due to World War I and the fall of the German Empire and so it was a compromise that Finland became a republic with a strong head of state. The President's powers were once so broad that it was said Finland was the only real monarchy in northern Europe. However, amendments passed in 1999 reduced his powers somewhat and the President now shares executive authority with the Prime Minister.[77]

الاقتصاد

انظر أيضاً: Economy of Åland, Economy of Denmark, Economy of Faroe Islands, Economy of Greenland, Economy of Finland, Economy of Iceland, Economy of Norway, and اقتصاد السويد
 
Copenhagen Central Station with S-Trains
 
GDP per capita of the Nordic sovereign states in USD from 1990 to 2017

The Nordic economies are among the countries in the Western world with the best macroeconomic performance in the recent ten years. Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have for example experienced constant and large excess exports in recent years. Iceland is the only country which has balance of payments deficits اعتبارا من 2011. At the same time, unemployment is low in most of the Nordic countries compared with the rest of Europe. As a result of the cyclical down-turn, the public balance is now in deficit, except for Norway. Over the past ten years, the Nordic countries had a noticeably larger increase in their gross domestic product (GDP) than the Eurozone. The only exceptions were Denmark and Åland which had a lower growth. Measured by GDP per capita, the Nordic countries have a higher income than the Eurozone countries. Norway's GDP per capita is as high as 80 per cent above the EA17 average and Norway is actually one of the countries with the highest standard of living in the world.[78]

However, after the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the following recession all the Nordic countries have been affected by the global crisis though to varying degrees. Iceland was most affected and had an economic crisis from 2008 to 2011, but GDP growth was also negative in all the other Nordic countries in 2008 and 2009. From 2009 most of the Nordic countries experienced growth again. The Nordic Council has set an objective for Nordic cooperation to achieve stable and sustainable economic growth, development of the Nordic welfare model, economic integration in the Nordic region and the promotion of joint Nordic interests at international level.[79]

Private consumption has fallen during the crisis, but it gained pace again from 2010 onward. The decline was most profound in Denmark, Finland and Iceland. On the other hand, public consumption has experienced positive growth rates – except for Iceland since 2008 and Denmark since 2010. The general rise is due to the many fiscal initiatives made by the Nordic governments to support economic growth and the financial and business sectors. From 2006 Iceland has experienced a fall in gross capital formation. This is after many years with an Icelandic growth particularly driven by investments, which had more than tripled in the recent ten years. Iceland also holds a leading position compared to the other Nordic countries regarding growth in public consumption in the years from 2000 to 2008.[80]

Recent years' large balance-of-payments surplus in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden has reduced the countries' foreign debt. In addition to a balance-of-payments surplus or deficit, the size of a country's foreign debt and foreign assets is affected by the exchange rate and the price of securities. Consequently, Finland's foreign debt increased noticeably when the price of technology shares increased drastically in the late 1990s due to a large proportion of these shares being owned by households, funds and companies abroad. In this way, these foreign owners held a greater claim on Finland. When share prices decreased drastically in 1999–2001 in the dot-com bubble, it also led to a marked decrease in Finland's net foreign debt. Iceland's foreign net debt accounts for close to five times of its GDP. This means that Iceland owes the surrounding world values corresponding to five times the country's total production. Sweden also had foreign debts by the end of 2010, but at a much smaller scale. In 2012, all Nordic countries had a surplus on the total balance of payments. Norway accounts for a substantial foreign exchange surplus, which is due to revenue from exports of oil and gas.[81]

الصناعات

 
Statfjord oil platform in Norway is owned and operated by Equinor, which is the largest company in the Nordic countries

Since the late 1990s, the Nordic manufacturing industry has accounted for a slightly declining proportion of the gross domestic product, with Norway being a distinct exception. In Norway, the manufacturing industry's proportion of GDP is still at a high level of around 35 per cent due to the large oil and natural gas sector. In the rest of the Nordic countries, the proportion lies between 15 and 20 per cent. Despite growing production, the manufacturing industry accounts for a decreasing proportion of total employment in the Nordic countries. Among the Nordic countries, Finland is today the number one Nordic industrial country, as the manufacturing industry in Finland accounts for the greatest proportion of the country's jobs, around 16 per cent. By way of comparison, in Denmark, Norway and Iceland it only accounts for less than 13 per cent of total employment.[82]

The service sector has increased drastically in all Nordic countries in the last 15 years and today accounts for about three fourths of all employed persons. Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Sweden and Åland have the largest proportion of employed in the service sector, between 75 and more than 90 per cent of those employed, while the corresponding figure is 72 per cent in Finland and 70 per cent in Iceland. The service sector is a little smaller if its proportion of total gross domestic product is measured compared to the share of employment. In Norway, the service sector accounts for 57 per cent of GDP, in Iceland for 66 per cent, in Finland for 69 per cent, in Sweden for 72 per cent and in Denmark for 78 per cent. The service sector includes retail and wholesale trade, hotels, restaurants, transportation, communication, financial services, real estate sale, renting, business services and other services such as teaching and care of children, sick persons and the elderly – services which are typically rendered by the public sector in the Nordic countries.[83]

Foreign investments

Iceland and Sweden have the highest rate of foreign direct investment, both with regards to foreign companies investing in Iceland and Sweden and Icelandic and Swedish companies investing abroad. However, in 2011 Denmark superseded Sweden regarding outward investments. Looking at a larger time span of ten years, most of the Nordic countries have experienced growth in both inward and outward investments.

However, Iceland has been in a league of its own in this area. Foreign investment from Iceland increased significantly and sharply especially from 2003 to 2007 from 16 to 123 per cent of GDP. The expansion of Icelandic companies into foreign markets was a rapid process. Strong pension funds provided capital for investments, and the privatization of the banking system made new sources of financing available for companies wishing to expand their operations. Also inward investment to Iceland increased sharply from 2003, but at a more moderate level compared with other Nordic countries. This pattern changed in 2007 with dramatic decreases in both outward and inward foreign direct investment.[84]

Foreign and intra-Nordic trade

 
The Port of Gothenburg is the largest port in the Nordic countries.

Nordic cooperation is characterised largely by the international community and the global challenges and opportunities. The Nordic countries, which are relatively small, have always benefited greatly by obtaining common use in cooperation with other countries and institutions. The Nordic economies are small and open and thus the countries are export-depending. Foreign trade constitutes an important part of the economic activity. Nordic foreign trade in goods, measured as the average of imports and exports, amounts to more than one fourth of GDP in the Nordic countries. All the Nordic countries except Finland had a surplus in their balance of trade in 2012 and every year since 1995 Denmark, Norway and Sweden have all had greater exports than imports.[85]

The trade between the Nordic countries is especially considerable as about one fifth of their foreign trade is trade with other Nordic countries. The total population of the Nordic countries of around 26 million people makes them to a far greater extent dependent on each other with respect to exports and imports, compared to for example Germany with a population of 82 million. Swedish exports to the other Nordic countries account for a considerably higher share than combined Swedish exports to Germany and France – despite the fact that the total population of Germany and France is 147 million people, while Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway only have a total population of 16 million. In 2012, around 23 per cent of the total exports from both Denmark and Sweden went to other Nordic countries. Other Nordic countries account for 16 per cent of Finnish exports, 13 per cent of Norwegian exports and 10 per cent of the total exports in Iceland.[86]

In addition to the other Nordic countries, The EU is their largest trading partner. Especially important is trade with Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. Outside of Europe, the United States is also a major trading partner. A common characteristic in the exports of the Nordic countries is a concentration on a few products. The exports of Greenland and the Faroe Islands are entirely dominated by fish and fish products, to a lesser extent in Iceland where aluminium exports also contribute significantly. Oil and gas are the predominant products exported by Norway and Finnish exports are dominated by wood, paper and paper products and telecommunication equipment. Danish and Swedish exports are more equally distributed on different products, with processed food, pharmaceuticals and chemical products as the major Danish export products and cars, wood, paper products and telecommunication equipment as predominant in Swedish exports. Germany is completely dominant when it comes to Nordic imports. However, the Nordic countries also have considerable imports from the Netherlands, China and Russia.[87]

Energy

انظر أيضاً: Energy in Denmark, Energy in Finland, Energy in Iceland, Energy in Norway, and Energy in Sweden
 
During the recent years, Denmark has invested heavily in windfarms

The Nordic region is one of the richest sources of energy in the world. Apart from the natural occurrence of fossil fuels such as oil and gas, the Nordic countries also have good infrastructure and technology to exploit renewable energy sources such as water, wind, bio-energy and geothermal heat. Especially Iceland and Norway, but also Finland and Sweden, have a significant production of electricity based on hydro power. Geothermal energy production is the most important source of energy in Iceland, whilst nuclear power is produced in both Finland and in Sweden. The indigenous production of energy in the Nordic countries has risen considerably over the last couple of decades – especially in Denmark and Norway due to oil deposits in the North Sea.[88]

The most important energy sources in the Nordic countries measured in terms of energy supply in million toe (tonnes oil equivalent) are in order of importance: oil, solid fuels (e.g. coal and wood), nuclear power, hydro and geothermal power and solar energy and gas. In the EU, the most important source of energy is also oil, but gas comes in second. Hydro and geothermal power and other renewable sources of energy are major sources in the Nordic countries as compared to the EU countries. Particularly in Iceland and Norway, hydro and geothermal power constitute a major share of the overall energy supply. Denmark depends almost entirely on thermal power generated from coal, oil and gas. Iceland obtains a substantial part of its energy for heating from geothermal energy and depends almost entirely upon hydro-power resources for its production of electricity.[89]

السياحة

للمزيد من المعلومات: Tourism in Denmark, Tourism in Finland, Tourism in Iceland, Tourism in Norway, and Tourism in Sweden

The Nordic countries in order of popularity with tourists are Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland then Iceland.[90]

السكان

انظر أيضاً: Demographics of Denmark, Demographics of Finland, Demographics of Iceland, Demographics of Norway, and Demographics of Sweden
البلد العاصمة التعداد Area (كم²)
Denmark Copenhagen 5,942,520[91] 42,894
Greenland Nuuk 55,877[92] 2,166,086
Faroe Islands Tórshavn 50,778[93] 1,396
Finland Helsinki 5,509,717[94] 338,534
Åland Mariehamn 29,489[95] 1,580
Iceland Reykjavík 350,710[96] 103,440
Norway Oslo 5,295,619[97] 385,203
Sweden Stockholm 10,313,447[98] 447,420
 
Population density map of the Nordic countries (1996)

At the beginning of the 20th century, almost 12 million people lived in the Nordic countries. Today, the population has increased to 27 million people. The Nordic countries have one of the lowest population densities in the world. The low density is partly due to the fact that many parts of the Nordic countries are marginal areas, where nature puts limitations on settlement. In four out of five Nordic countries,[which?] around 20 per cent of the population is to be found in the vicinity of the respective capitals. In Iceland, this percentage is even higher, with more than 60 per cent of Icelanders residing at or nearby the capital city of Reykjavík.[57]

During the past 100 years, population growth has been strongest in Greenland, where the population has multiplied by almost five, from 12,000 to 56,000 people. In Iceland, the increase has gone from 78,000 to 322,000 people. The population on the Faroe Islands has more than tripled, from 15,000 to 48,000 people. The Swedish and Ålandic populations are the only ones that have not at least doubled.[بحاجة لمصدر] Since 1990, the total population in the Nordic countries has increased by more than 2.8 million people (12 per cent) – the most in Iceland (27 per cent) and in Norway and Åland by 19 and close to 18 per cent. Certain regions in Finland, Norway and Sweden have experienced a decline in the population due to urbanisation, but at the national level all the Nordic countries have experienced growth. Compared to 2005, both the Faroe Islands and Greenland have experienced a minor decline. Iceland has also experienced shorter periods with a declining population. The Danish population is expected to increase by 8 per cent until 2035, while Finland and Sweden expect an increase in the population of about 10 and almost 16 per cent respectively.[99]

Life expectancy is rising in all the Nordic countries, though the levels vary greatly. Life expectancy for men in Greenland is 68.3 years (2011), compared to 80.8 years for men in Iceland. Women in the Faroe Islands and in Åland are expected to live the longest – more than 84 years. The population in the Nordic countries is getting older and according to the population projection for the Nordic countries as a whole, the share of the population above the age of 80 will reach 8.4 per cent in 2040, as compared to the 2013 level of 4.7 per cent. The share of population 80 years or older has increased from 1990 to 2013. The increase in the share of people above the age of 80 over the last 10 years is partly due to the fact that the death rate has fallen for almost all age groups and partly that the number of births has been low during the same period. In the next 25 years, the demographic dependency ratio is expected to have the strongest growth in Finland and Åland. According to the most recent population forecasts in Finland and Åland, in 2030 it is expected that people over 65 will make up 50 per cent of the adult population. Sweden and Denmark can look forward to a relatively modest increase in the next decades. Iceland and Norway seem to maintain their positions with the lowest proportions of elderly people in the Nordic countries.[100]

اللغات

 
Historical reenactment of a farmer wedding in Jomala, Åland

Most of the Nordic languages belong to one of three linguistic families: North Germanic languages, Finno-Ugric languages and Eskimo–Aleut languages. Although the area is linguistically heterogeneous, with three unrelated language groups, the common linguistic heritage is one of the factors making up the Nordic identity.[101]

Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish belong to the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. The languages have developed from a common Nordic language, but have moved away from each other during the past 1000 years. However, it is still possible for Danish, Norwegian and Swedish speakers to understand each other. These languages are taught in school throughout the Nordic countries: for example, Swedish is a mandatory subject in Finnish schools, and Danish is mandatory in Icelandic and Faroese schools. Approximately 5,3 per cent of population of Finland speak Swedish as their mother tongue.[102]

In the Finnish-Sami group of the Finno-Ugric languages, Finnish is the most widely spoken language in the Nordic countries. However, other languages in this family are also spoken in the region. Various Sami languages are spoken in northern Finland, Norway and Sweden. Karelian is spoken a little in Finland, the Kven language in Norway and Meänkieli or "Torne Valley Finnish" in Sweden. Finns are also the largest immigrant group in Sweden, around 4.46 per cent of the total population; and Finnish is an official minority language of Sweden.[103][104]

Greenlandic or Kalaallisut belongs to the Inuit branch of the Eskimo-Aleut languages and is spoken in Greenland. The language is related to a number of languages spoken in northern Canada and Alaska. اعتبارا من 2009, the Greenland Home rule does not require Danish to be taught or the use of Danish for official purposes.[105]

A number of other minority languages also exist in the region. German is spoken by a minority in Southern Jutland and their cultural and language rights are protected by the government. Finnish Kale, Norwegian and Swedish Travellers and other Romani peoples of the Nordic countries have the right to maintain and develop their language and culture. Yiddish is also an official minority language in Sweden. Besides the so-called "natural" languages national variants of sign languages are used. The Icelandic Sign Language is derived from the Danish, while the Finnish Sign Language is developed on the basis of the Swedish variant. The right to use sign language is set in the Finnish Language Act and in Sweden the Swedish Sign Language is an official minority language.[106]

الهجرة

In 2012, net migration had the greatest impact on the rise in population in Sweden. That was also the case with Denmark, Finland, Åland and Norway. In the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Iceland, natural population increase had the greatest impact on the population change, but both Greenland and the Faroe Islands still had a slight decrease in the population due to a negative net migration in 2012.

A large proportion of the migration in the Nordic countries occurs between the countries themselves, largely as the result of the free labour market and liberal rules for the exchange of students. This trend has led to an increasing number of foreign citizens in the Nordic countries during the past few decades. In all the countries, the major part of the foreign citizens is non-Nordic. That is not the case for Greenland and the Faroe Islands, which have a high proportion of other Nordic citizens. Non-nationals range from 47 per cent of the total immigration in Iceland, to 89 per cent in Norway. In 2013 the largest proportions of non-nationals were in Norway and Denmark, where they account for 8.9 and 8.8 per cent of the population. The proportion of non-nationals in the Finnish population is small compared to the other Nordic countries – 3.6 per cent in 2013 – but the proportion has risen significantly during and after the 1990s.[107]

Sami people

 
Sami man at Honningsvåg, Norway, wearing the traditional Gákti

The Sami people, also spelled Sámi or Saami, are a Finno-Ugric people who have their traditional settlement areas in northern Finland, Norway and Sweden and Western Russia. Most Sami live in Norway, followed by Sweden and Finland, while the fewest Sami live in Russia. Because the countries do not make an official record of who has the Sami identity or background,[مطلوب توضيح] no one knows the exact number of the Sami people. The Sami are the only indigenous people of the Nordic countries excluding Greenland that are recognised and protected under the international conventions of indigenous peoples. They are hence the northernmost indigenous people of Europe. There are several Sami languages.

Traditionally, the Sami have plied a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping and sheep herding. However, the best known Sami livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding. For traditional, environmental, cultural and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved to Sami people in certain regions of the Nordic countries. Nowadays, the Sami work in all sectors, although the primary industries are still important culture bearers for the Sami people.

  • Share of total population of the Nordic countries by country in January 2013

  • Life expectancy at birth in the Nordic countries in 2012

  • Marriages and divorces in the Nordic countries in 2012

  • Immigrants in the Nordic countries in 2012

السكان

انظر أيضاً: Demographics of Denmark, Demographics of Finland, Demographics of Iceland, Demographics of Norway, and Demographics of Sweden
Country Capital Population Area (km2)
Denmark Copenhagen 5,942,520[91] 42,894
Greenland Nuuk 55,877[108] 2,166,086
Faroe Islands Tórshavn 50,778[93] 1,396
Finland Helsinki 5,509,717[109] 338,534
Åland Mariehamn 29,489[110] 1,580
Iceland Reykjavík 350,710[96] 103,440
Norway Oslo 5,295,619[97] 385,203
Sweden Stockholm 10,313,447[98] 447,420
 
Population density map of the Nordic countries (1996)

At the beginning of the 20th century, almost 12 million people lived in the Nordic countries. Today, the population has increased to 27 million people. The Nordic countries have one of the lowest population densities in the world. The low density is partly due to the fact that many parts of the Nordic countries are marginal areas, where nature puts limitations on settlement. In four out of five Nordic countries,[which?] around 20 per cent of the population is to be found in the vicinity of the respective capitals. In Iceland, this percentage is even higher, with more than 60 per cent of Icelanders residing at or nearby the capital city of Reykjavík.[57]

During the past 100 years, population growth has been strongest in Greenland, where the population has multiplied by almost five, from 12,000 to 56,000 people. In Iceland, the increase has gone from 78,000 to 322,000 people. The population on the Faroe Islands has more than tripled, from 15,000 to 48,000 people. The Swedish and Ålandic populations are the only ones that have not at least doubled.[بحاجة لمصدر] Since 1990, the total population in the Nordic countries has increased by more than 2.8 million people (12 per cent) – the most in Iceland (27 per cent) and in Norway and Åland by 19 and close to 18 per cent. Certain regions in Finland, Norway and Sweden have experienced a decline in the population due to urbanisation, but at the national level all the Nordic countries have experienced growth. Compared to 2005, both the Faroe Islands and Greenland have experienced a minor decline. Iceland has also experienced shorter periods with a declining population. The Danish population is expected to increase by 8 per cent until 2035, while Finland and Sweden expect an increase in the population of about 10 and almost 16 per cent respectively.[111]

Life expectancy is rising in all the Nordic countries, though the levels vary greatly. Life expectancy for men in Greenland is 68.3 years (2011), compared to 80.8 years for men in Iceland. Women in the Faroe Islands and in Åland are expected to live the longest – more than 84 years. The population in the Nordic countries is getting older and according to the population projection for the Nordic countries as a whole, the share of the population above the age of 80 will reach 8.4 per cent in 2040, as compared to the 2013 level of 4.7 per cent. The share of population 80 years or older has increased from 1990 to 2013. The increase in the share of people above the age of 80 over the last 10 years is partly due to the fact that the death rate has fallen for almost all age groups and partly that the number of births has been low during the same period. In the next 25 years, the demographic dependency ratio is expected to have the strongest growth in Finland and Åland. According to the most recent population forecasts in Finland and Åland, in 2030 it is expected that people over 65 will make up 50 per cent of the adult population. Sweden and Denmark can look forward to a relatively modest increase in the next decades. Iceland and Norway seem to maintain their positions with the lowest proportions of elderly people in the Nordic countries.[112]

اللغات

 
Historical reenactment of a farmer wedding in Jomala, Åland

Most of the Nordic languages belong to one of three linguistic families: North Germanic languages, Finno-Ugric languages and Eskimo–Aleut languages. Although the area is linguistically heterogeneous, with three unrelated language groups, the common linguistic heritage is one of the factors making up the Nordic identity.[113]

Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish belong to the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. The languages have developed from a common Nordic language, but have moved away from each other during the past 1000 years. However, it is still possible for Danish, Norwegian and Swedish speakers to understand each other. These languages are taught in school throughout the Nordic countries: for example, Swedish is a mandatory subject in Finnish schools, and Danish is mandatory in Icelandic and Faroese schools. Approximately 5,3 per cent of population of Finland speak Swedish as their mother tongue.[114]

In the Finnish-Sami group of the Finno-Ugric languages, Finnish is the most widely spoken language in the Nordic countries. However, other languages in this family are also spoken in the region. Various Sami languages are spoken in northern Finland, Norway and Sweden. Karelian is spoken a little in Finland, the Kven language in Norway and Meänkieli or "Torne Valley Finnish" in Sweden. Finns are also the largest immigrant group in Sweden, around 4.46 per cent of the total population; and Finnish is an official minority language of Sweden.[115][116]

Greenlandic or Kalaallisut belongs to the Inuit branch of the Eskimo-Aleut languages and is spoken in Greenland. The language is related to a number of languages spoken in northern Canada and Alaska. اعتبارا من 2009, the Greenland Home rule does not require Danish to be taught or the use of Danish for official purposes.[117]

A number of other minority languages also exist in the region. German is spoken by a minority in Southern Jutland and their cultural and language rights are protected by the government. Finnish Kale, Norwegian and Swedish Travellers and other Romani peoples of the Nordic countries have the right to maintain and develop their language and culture. Yiddish is also an official minority language in Sweden. Besides the so-called "natural" languages national variants of sign languages are used. The Icelandic Sign Language is derived from the Danish, while the Finnish Sign Language is developed on the basis of the Swedish variant. The right to use sign language is set in the Finnish Language Act and in Sweden the Swedish Sign Language is an official minority language.[118]

Migration

In 2012, net migration had the greatest impact on the rise in population in Sweden. That was also the case with Denmark, Finland, Åland and Norway. In the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Iceland, natural population increase had the greatest impact on the population change, but both Greenland and the Faroe Islands still had a slight decrease in the population due to a negative net migration in 2012.

A large proportion of the migration in the Nordic countries occurs between the countries themselves, largely as the result of the free labour market and liberal rules for the exchange of students. This trend has led to an increasing number of foreign citizens in the Nordic countries during the past few decades. In all the countries, the major part of the foreign citizens is non-Nordic. That is not the case for Greenland and the Faroe Islands, which have a high proportion of other Nordic citizens. Non-nationals range from 47 per cent of the total immigration in Iceland, to 89 per cent in Norway. In 2013 the largest proportions of non-nationals were in Norway and Denmark, where they account for 8.9 and 8.8 per cent of the population. The proportion of non-nationals in the Finnish population is small compared to the other Nordic countries – 3.6 per cent in 2013 – but the proportion has risen significantly during and after the 1990s.[119]

Sami people

 
Sami man at Honningsvåg, Norway, wearing the traditional Gákti

The Sami people, also spelled Sámi or Saami, are a Finno-Ugric people who have their traditional settlement areas in northern Finland, Norway and Sweden and Western Russia. Most Sami live in Norway, followed by Sweden and Finland, while the fewest Sami live in Russia. Because the countries do not make an official record of who has the Sami identity or background,[مطلوب توضيح] no one knows the exact number of the Sami people. The Sami are the only indigenous people of the Nordic countries excluding Greenland that are recognised and protected under the international conventions of indigenous peoples. They are hence the northernmost indigenous people of Europe. There are several Sami languages.

Traditionally, the Sami have plied a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping and sheep herding. However, the best known Sami livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding. For traditional, environmental, cultural and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved to Sami people in certain regions of the Nordic countries. Nowadays, the Sami work in all sectors, although the primary industries are still important culture bearers for the Sami people.

  • Share of total population of the Nordic countries by country in January 2013

  • Life expectancy at birth in the Nordic countries in 2012

  • Marriages and divorces in the Nordic countries in 2012

  • Immigrants in the Nordic countries in 2012

الرموز الوطنية

 
Flags of the Nordic countries, its territories, and the Nordic Council from left to right: Finland, Åland, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and the Nordic Council

The Nordic countries, including the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Åland, have a similar flag design, all based on the Dannebrog, the Danish flag.[120] They display an off-centre cross with the intersection closer to the hoist – the "Nordic cross" or "Scandinavian cross"[121]– however each has a different aspect ratio. Greenland and Sápmi have adopted flags without the Nordic cross, but they both feature a circle which is placed off-centre, similar to the cross.

انظر أيضاً

Associated

غيرهم

ملاحظات

  1. ^ Including Queen Maud Land (2,700,000 km2), which is claimed by Norway and recognized by Australia, France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

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وصلات خارجية

  • Norden, website of the Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers
  • Nordic Countries Archived 16 يوليو 2021 at the Wayback Machine, railway map of the Nordic countries
  • Nordregio, European centre for research, education and documentation on spatial development, established by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Includes maps and graphs
  • Go Scandinavia, official website of the Scandinavian Tourist Boards in North America
  • Scandinavia House, the Nordic Center in New York, run by the American-Scandinavian Foundation
  • vifanord, a digital library that provides scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries as well as the Baltic region as a whole
  • Mid Nordic Committee, Nordic organization to promote sustainable development and growth in the region (archived 17 December 2009)
  • The Helsinki Treaty of 1962, nicknamed the constitution of the Nordic countries
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