المعرفة

پول رويتر

For المحامي والأكاديمي الفرنسي, see پول رويتر (محامي). For الملحن الأمريكي, see پول رويتر (ملحن).

پول جوليوس رويتر (Paul Julius Reuter ؛ وُلِد إسرائيل بئر يهوشفاط Israel Beer Josaphat؛ 21 يوليو 1816 – 25 فبراير 1899)، لاحقاً لـُقـِّب فرايهر فون رويتر (البارون فون رويتر)،[1] كان مبادر بريطاني ألماني المولد ورائد مراسلة الأنباء باستخدام التلغراف.[2] كان مراسلاً وصاحب شركة إعلامية، ومؤسس وكالة أنباء رويترز، التي أصبحت جزءاً من Thomson Reuters conglomerate in 2008.[3]

پول رويتر
Paul Reuter
Reuter, Paul Julius von, Nadar, Gallica.jpg
وُلِدَ
Israel Beer Josaphat

21 July 1816
كاسل، ناخبية هسن
توفي25 فبراير 1899(1899-02-25) (aged 82)
نيس، فرنسا
المهنةمبادر ومراسل
اللقبوكالة أنباء رويترز
الزوجآيدا ماريا ماگنس (ز. 1845)
الأنجال3، منهم هربرت
پورتريه لرويتر، في 1869 في عمر 53، بريشة رودلف ليمان
كاريكاتير لرويتر في 1872
تمثال نصفي لرويتر في مدينة لندن

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الحياة والسيرة

وُلِد رويتر بإسم "إسرائيل بئر يهوشفاط" في كاسل، ناخبية هسن (التي هي الآن جزء من جمهورية ألمانيا الاتحادية).[4] His father, Samuel Levi Josaphat, was a rabbi. أمه كانت بتي ساندرز. في گوتنگن، التقى رويتر كارل فريدرش گاوس، الذي كان يقوم بتجارب لنقل إشارات كهربائية خلال الأسلاك.[بحاجة لمصدر]

وفي 16 نوفمبر 1845, he converted to Christianity in a ceremony at St. George's German Lutheran Chapel in London,[2] and changed his name to Paul Julius Reuter. One week later, in the same chapel, he married Ida Maria Elizabeth Clementine Magnus من برلين، ابنة مصرفي ألماني.[5]

A former bank clerk, in 1847 he became a partner in Reuter and Stargardt, a Berlin book-publishing firm. The distribution of radical pamphlets by the firm at the beginning of the 1848 Revolution may have focused official scrutiny on Reuter. Later that year, he left for Paris[6] and worked in Charles-Louis Havas' news agency, Agence Havas, the future Agence France Presse.[7]

As telegraphy evolved, Reuter founded his own news agency in Aachen, transferring messages between Brussels and Aachen using homing pigeons and thus linking Berlin and Paris. Speedier than the post train, pigeons gave Reuter faster access to financial news from the Paris stock exchange. Eventually, pigeons were replaced by a direct telegraph link.[8]

A telegraph line was under construction between Britain and Europe, and so Reuter moved to London, renting an office near the Stock Exchange. In 1863, he privately erected a telegraph link to Crookhaven, the farthest south-west point of Ireland. On nearing Crookhaven, ships from the U.S. threw canisters containing news into the sea. These were retrieved by Reuters and telegraphed directly to London, arriving long before the ships reached Cork.[بحاجة لمصدر]

في 1872، وقـَّع ناصر الدين شاه قاجار، شاه إيران، اتفاقية مع رويتر، امتيازاً يبيع بموجبه كل الطرق الحديدية والقنوات ومعظم المناجم وكل غابات الدولة وكل الصناعات المستقبلية في إيران. George Curzon called it "The most complete and extraordinary surrender of the entire industrial resources of a kingdom into foreign hands that has ever been dreamed of".[9] The Reuter concession was immediately denounced by all ranks of businessmen, clergy, and nationalists of Persia, and it was quickly forced into cancellation.[بحاجة لمصدر]

On 17 March 1857, Reuter was naturalised as a British subject. On 7 September 1871, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha granted him the noble title of Freiherr (Baron).[1] In November 1891, Queen Victoria granted him (and his subsequent male-line successors) the right to use that German title (listed as Baron von Reuter) in Britain.[1][10]


الزواج والأنجال

In 1845, Reuter married Ida Maria Magnus, daughter of Friedrich Martin Magnus, a German banker in Berlin.[5][11] They had three sons: Herbert, who became the 2nd Baron (succeeded by his son Hubert as 3rd Baron), George and Alfred.[12] Clementine Maria, one of his daughters, married Count sv (Otto Stenbock (diplomat)), and after Stenbock's death, Sir Herbert Chermside, a governor of Queensland.[13]

The 2nd Baron's brother George had two sons, Oliver (who became the 4th Baron) and Ronald. The last member of the family, Marguerite, Baroness de Reuter, widow of the 4th Baron and Paul Julius Reuter's granddaughter-in-law, died on 25 January 2009, at the age of 96.[10][14]

الوفاة والذكرى

Reuter died in 1899 at Villa Reuter in Nice, France. He was buried in West Norwood Cemetery in south London[15]

Reuter was portrayed by Edward G. Robinson in the Warner Bros. biographical film A Dispatch from Reuters (1941).

The Reuters News Agency commemorated the 100th anniversary of its founder's death by launching a university award (the Paul Julius Reuter Innovation Award) in Germany.[2]

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت "No. 26227". The London Gazette. 27 November 1891. p. 6471.
  2. ^ أ ب ت Paul Julius Reuter, Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004, The Gale Group Inc.
  3. ^ Company History – Thomson Reuters
  4. ^ "Heroes – Trailblazers of the Jewish People". Beit Hatfutsot.
  5. ^ أ ب Paul Julius Freiherr von Reuter, Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2008, The Gale Group.
  6. ^ Paul Julius, baron von Reuter, 1998, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Julius-Freiherr-von-Reuter .
  7. ^ Lennon, Troy (2016-07-20). "Brilliant clerk turned old news into the news of the day". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  8. ^ Standage, T. The Victorian Internet (1999)
  9. ^ Persia and the Persian question, Vol. I, London, Frank Cass and Co., 1966, p. 480.
  10. ^ أ ب Baroness Reuter, last link to news dynasty, dies, Reuters, 25 January 2009, https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE50O1GV20090125?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews .
  11. ^ Lüders, Carsten, "Magnus, Friedrich Martin Freiherr von" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 15 (1987), S. 672.
  12. ^ Jones, Sir Roderick (1951). A life in Reuters. Hodder & Stoughton. The 2nd Baron (born 1852, died 1915) committed suicide 3 days after the death of his wife. He was succeeded by his son, Hubert.
  13. ^ Wilson, Paul D. "Chermside, Sir Herbert Charles (1850–1929)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.
  14. ^ "Baroness de Reuter, last link to news dynasty, dies". ABC News (Australia). Reuters. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
  15. ^ "Paul Julius Baron de Reuter (1816-1899) - Find A..." www.findagrave.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2021-01-22.

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