المعرفة

حليف رئيسي خارج الناتو

Major non-NATO ally (MNNA) is a designation given by the United States government to close allies that have strategic working relationships with the US Armed Forces but are not members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). While the status does not automatically include a mutual defense pact with the United States, it confers a variety of military and financial advantages that otherwise are not obtainable by non-NATO countries. There are currently 19 major non-NATO allies across four continents (11 in Asia, 3 in Africa, 3 in South America, and 2 in Oceania).

  United States
  Major non-NATO allies
  Former Major non-NATO Ally (Afghanistan)
  NATO allies
Note that political borders on the map do not correspond to those recognized by the United States.

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History

MNNA status was first created in 1987[1] when section 2350a, otherwise known as the Sam Nunn Amendment, was added to Title 10 (Armed Forces) of the United States Code by Congress.[2] It stipulated that cooperative research and development agreements could be enacted with non-NATO allies by the Secretary of Defense with the concurrence of the Secretary of State. The initial MNNAs were Australia, Egypt, Israel, Japan, and South Korea.[1] In 1996, major non-NATO allies received additional military and financial benefits when section 2321k was added to Title 22 (Foreign Relations) of the US Code (also known as section 517 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961), which added MNNAs to many of the same exemptions from the Arms Export Control Act that were enjoyed by NATO members. It also authorized the President to designate a nation as an MNNA thirty days after notifying Congress.[3] When enacted, the statute designated the initial five countries as major non-NATO allies, and added Jordan and New Zealand to the list.


Argentina

In 1998, President Bill Clinton named Argentina as an ally for the "Argentine compromise and contribution to international peace and security" materialized in its participation in the Gulf War (being the only South American country to do so), and for its continuing support of United Nations peacekeeping missions.[4][5]

Brazil

In 2019, Donald Trump designated Brazil as a major non-NATO ally[6] for the "Brazil’s recent commitments to increase defense cooperation with the United States" after receiving a working visit from Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro.[7]

 
NSA Bahrain base is home to US Naval Forces Central Command and US Fifth Fleet
 
Defense Secretary Jim Mattis meets with Egypt's President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during a meeting held at the Pentagon, April 5, 2017

Colombia

In March 2022, Joe Biden designated Colombia as a major non-NATO ally. Biden said: "I've said for a long time Colombia is a keystone to our shared efforts to build a hemisphere as prosperous, secure and democratic ... Today I'm proud to announce that I intend to designate Colombia a major non-NATO ally ... that's exactly what you are".[8]

Tunisia

In May 2015, US President Barack Obama declared his intention to make Tunisia a non-NATO ally while hosting his Tunisian counterpart Beji Caid Essebsi at the White House.

Pakistan

The designation of certain countries as major non-NATO allies has not been without controversy. In 2017, US Representatives Ted Poe (R-TX) and Rick Nolan (D-MN) introduced H.R. 3000, a bill to revoke Pakistan's position as an MNNA, citing inadequate counterterrorism efforts, the harboring of Osama bin Laden and Pakistani support for the Taliban.[9] The bill never received a vote. In 2021, US Representative Andy Biggs introduced H.R. 35, another version of the legislation.

In 2017, General Joseph Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, accused Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of having ties to terror groups.[10] Reuters reported that "possible Trump administration responses being discussed include expanding U.S. drone strikes and perhaps eventually downgrading Pakistan's status as a major non-NATO ally."[11] In January 2023 a bill was introduced to the US House of Representatives to remove Pakistan's MNNA status.[12]

Qatar

On January 31, 2022, President Joe Biden announced that Qatar would be made a major non-NATO ally, citing its assistance during the US withdrawal from Afghanistan in August 2021.[13]

Taiwan

When Congress enacted on September 30, 2002, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act for FY 2003, it required that Taiwan be "treated as though it were designated a major non-NATO ally."[14] Despite some initial misgivings about Congress's perceived intrusion into the President's foreign affairs authority, the Bush administration subsequently submitted a letter to Congress on August 29, 2003, designating Taiwan as a major non-NATO ally.[14]

Southeast Asia

Around the same time, invitations were sent to the ASEAN members Thailand and the Philippines, both of whom accepted. Singapore was reportedly offered a similar arrangement, but turned down the offer.[15][16]

New Zealand

US–New Zealand strategic and military cooperation suffered a setback after the breakdown of the ANZUS alliance in 1984 over nuclear ship entry. The designation of New Zealand as an MNNA in 1997 reflected the warming of relations between the two. In June 2012 New Zealand signed a partnership arrangement with NATO further strengthening and consolidating relations.

Potential MNNAs

Some countries might be close to a designation:[17]

Ukraine, Georgia, and Moldova

In 2014, following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, a bill was introduced to the United States Congress to grant major non-NATO ally status to Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.[18] A bill to make Ukraine a major non-NATO ally was introduced into the US House of Representatives in May 2019.[19] As of 2022, these changes have not been made despite support from the US Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, also known as the Helsinki Commission, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[20]

Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries

During a 2015 Camp David summit with the Gulf Cooperation Council states, the Obama administration considered designating Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and Qatar as MNNAs.[21] Qatar has since been designated a MNNA in 2022.


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Iraq

Iraq and the United States have a strategic partnership that was formalized in a Strategic Framework Agreement signed in 2008. The agreement covers a range of areas including security, economics, and culture. The United States has provided military and economic aid to Iraq since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime in 2003. U.S. troops were also deployed in Iraq to support Iraqi security forces in their fight against IS, and although the U.S. combat mission in Iraq ended in 2021, the U.S. continues to provide military and economic assistance to Iraq.[22]

India

In June 2019, US lawmakers provided for enhancements to India's status, though this fell short of making them a MNNA.[23][24]

Sweden

انظر أيضاً: Sweden–NATO relations

According to Finnish newspapers in early March 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Sweden had planned to apply for major non-NATO ally status.[25][26][27] Since then, Sweden has applied for membership of NATO itself.[28][29]

Benefits

Nations named as major non-NATO allies are eligible for the following benefits:[30]

Major Partners

Israel as Major Strategic Partner

للمزيد من المعلومات: Israel–United States military relations

In December 2014, the US House passed the United States–Israel Strategic Partnership Act of 2013.[31] This new category would have placed Israel one notch above the Major Non-NATO Ally classification and would have added additional support for defense and energy infrastructure, and strengthened cooperation through business and academics.[32] The bill additionally called for the US to increase their war reserve stock in Israel to US$1.8 billion.[32] The bill did not reach a vote, and as such did not pass or become law.

India as Major Defense Partner

In 2016, the US recognized India as a "major defense partner". This occurred less than a month after the House of Representatives passed the US India Defense Technology and Partnership Act.[33] This allowed India to buy more advanced and sensitive technologies that is on par with that of US' closest allies and partners.[34] The U.S. has four "foundational agreements" that it signs with India.

List of MNNAs

Current MNNAs

The following countries have been designated as major non-NATO allies of the United States in chronological order of their designation. In addition, an act provides that Taiwan shall be treated as a MNNA, without formal designation as such:[35][36][37][38]

 
South Korean soldiers and a US Army officer monitor the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2008
 
Australian Defence Force, New Zealand Defence Force and US Army personnel conduct medevac training exercises at Camp Taji, Iraq, in 2018
 
An Egyptian F-16C Block 40 with a USN F/A-18 Hornet and a USAF F-15 Eagle during Bright Star 05
President Country Year Note
Ronald Reagan   أستراليا 1987 [1]
  مصر
  إسرائيل
  اليابان
  كوريا الجنوبية
Bill Clinton   الأردن 1996 [39]
  نيوزيلندا 1997 [3]
  الأرجنتين 1998 [40]
George W. Bush   البحرين 2002 [41]
  الفلپين 2003 [42]
  تايلند [43]
  تايوان [14]
  الكويت 2004 [44]
  المغرب [45]
  پاكستان [46]
Barack Obama
  تونس 2015 [47]
Donald Trump   البرازيل 2019 [48][49]
Joe Biden   قطر 2022 [50][51]
  كولومبيا [8][52]


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Former MNNA

See also

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب ت Fisher, Dan (1987-02-16). "U.S. Is Granting Israel Non-NATO Ally Status : Move Should Bring Strategic and Economic Gains, Shamir Says; Egypt Gets Same Rating". Los Angeles Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2020-09-02.
  2. ^ Title 10, section 2350a of US Code Archived 2012-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ أ ب 22 U.S.C. § 2321k
  4. ^ "Argentina, gran aliado extra-OTAN" [Argentina great ally extra-NATO]. Perfil (in الإسبانية). 29 April 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  5. ^ "Polémica por la designación como aliado extra-OTAN" [Controversy over designation as extra-OTAN ally]. Clarín (in الإسبانية). 10 October 1997. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  6. ^ "Major Non-NATO Ally Status". United States Department of State (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  7. ^ Vandiver, John (May 9, 2019). "Trump bumps up Brazil to 'major non-NATO' ally". Stars and Stripes (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  8. ^ أ ب Samuels, Brett (2022-03-10). "Biden designates Colombia as major non-NATO ally". The Hill. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  9. ^ "CONGRESSMEN POE AND NOLAN INTRODUCE BILL REVOKING PAKISTAN'S MNNA STATUS". Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  10. ^ Javaid, Osama Bin. "General Dunford: Pakistan intelligence has links to 'terrorists'". Al Jazeera (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  11. ^ Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (2017-10-03). "Mattis says will try to work with Pakistan 'one more time'". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  12. ^ US Lawmaker Moves Bill To Remove Pakistan As Major Non-NATO Ally. NDTV (2023-01-18). Retrieved on 2023-04-09.
  13. ^ Shear, Michael D. (31 January 2022). "Biden Designates Qatar as a Major Non-NATO Ally". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  14. ^ أ ب ت Kan, Shirley (December 2009). Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990. DIANE Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4379-2041-3.
  15. ^ Huxley, Tim (30 July 2012). "Singapore and the US: not quite allies". The Strategist. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  16. ^ Graham, Euan (10 December 2015). "The US-Singapore enhanced defence agreement: A third upgrade for bilateral collaboration". The Interpreter. The Lowy Institute. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  17. ^ Bazhenova, Olga (April 2021). "The Major non-NATO Ally Status: Characteristics, Chronology, Geographical Distribution". International Organisations Research Journal (in الإنجليزية). 16 (1): 162–171. doi:10.17323/1996-7845-2021-01-08. S2CID 236278254.
  18. ^ H.R. 5782 - Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014
  19. ^ Ponomarenko, Illia (2019-06-01). "Ukraine might be designated as major non-NATO US ally". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 2019-06-30.
  20. ^ Mackinnon, Amy. "U.S. Commission Urges Biden to Designate Ukraine, Georgia as Major Non-NATO Allies". Foreign Policy (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  21. ^ Toosi, Nahal (May 14, 2015). "U.S. may raise Arab states to 'major' ally status". Politico. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  22. ^ "Text of Strategic Framework Agreement and Security Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  23. ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (July 3, 2019). "US Senate okays non-Nato ally status for India". The Times of India. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  24. ^ Iwanek, Krzysztof (2019-08-01). "No, India Isn't a 'Major Non-NATO Ally' of the United States". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019.
  25. ^ Buchert, Peter. "Finland och Sverige driver närmare Nato – utan att bekräfta slutmålet". www.hbl.fi (in السويدية). Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  26. ^ Molik, Przemysław (2022-03-08). Adamczyk, Grzegorz (ed.). "Finland and Sweden seek US defense guarantees in 'Northern Fortress' alliance to deter Russian ambitions in the Nordic region". Remix News (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  27. ^ Karvala, Kreeta; Nurmi, Lauri (2022-03-05). "IL:n tiedot: Suomi ja Ruotsi hakevat yhdessä Major non-NATO ally -statuksen kaltaista yhteistyötä Yhdysvaltain kanssa". www.iltalehti.fi (in الفنلندية). Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  28. ^ Gijs, Camille (2022-05-18). "Sweden, Finland submit applications to join NATO". POLITICO (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  29. ^ "Finland and Sweden officially apply to join NATO despite Russia's warnings". CBS News (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  30. ^ "Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA)". globalsecurity.org. September 15, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  31. ^ Wilner, Michael (4 December 2014). "Congress enshrines Israel in a new class of ally". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  32. ^ أ ب Stoil, Rebecca Shimoni (4 December 2014). "US Congress passes Israel strategic partnership bill". The Times of Israel. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  33. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "US recognizes India as 'major defense partner' - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  34. ^ "U.S.A. GRANTS INDIA NON-NATO ALLY STATUS". IAS gateway (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
  35. ^ "Major Non-NATO Ally Status". US State Department. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  36. ^ "Code of Federal Regulations - Title 22 - Foreign Relations - § 120.23 Organizations and Arrangements". Code of Federal Regulations. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
  37. ^ "22 USC 2321k: Designation of major non-NATO allies". United States Government Publishing Office. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
  38. ^ "What's New". The World Factbook. Retrieved October 21, 2021. The US Government designates 16 countries as Major Non-NATO Allies (MNNA) with which it has strategic working relationships in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation. The countries are: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, and Tunisia. While MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments. Information on MNNA status has been added to the "Military – note" for each of these countries.
  39. ^ Stearns, Scott (2012-07-07). "Afghanistan Designated Major US Ally During Clinton Visit to Kabul". Voanews.com. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
  40. ^ "Overview of U.S. Policy Toward South America and the President's Upcoming Trip to the Region". Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  41. ^ "Memorandum on Designation of Bahrain as a Major Non-NATO Ally". The American Presidency Project. March 14, 2002. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  42. ^ "Bush 'upgrades' Philippines". CNN. May 20, 2003. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  43. ^ Despeignes, Peronet (October 20, 2003). "U.S. wants APEC agenda to include security issues". USA Today. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  44. ^ "US tightens military relationship with Kuwait". Associated Press. January 15, 2004. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2012.(يتطلب اشتراك)
  45. ^ "US rewards Morocco for terror aid". BBC News. June 4, 2004. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  46. ^ UNITED STATES DESIGNATES PAKISTAN AS MAJOR NON-NATO ALLY OF AMERICA IN SOUTH ASIA South Asia Analysis Group Archived أبريل 24, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "Designation of Tunisia as a Major Non-NATO Ally". US Department of State. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  48. ^ "Memorandum on the Designation of the Federative Republic of Brazil as a Major Non-NATO Ally". whitehouse.gov. July 31, 2019 – via National Archives.
  49. ^ "Message to the Congress on Designating Brazil as a Major Non-NATO Ally". whitehouse.gov. May 8, 2019 – via National Archives.
  50. ^ Todd, Lopez. "'Major Non-NATO Ally' Designation Will Enhance U.S., Qatar Relationship". US Department of Defense. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  51. ^ "Biden designates Qatar, Colombia as 'major non-NATO allies' of US". Biden designates Qatar, Colombia as 'major non-NATO allies' of US (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-04-05.
  52. ^ "Joe Biden designa a Colombia como aliado principal extra-Otán". El Tiempo (in spanish). 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-03-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  53. ^ "Hillary Clinton says Afghanistan 'major non-Nato ally'". BBC News. July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  54. ^ Afghanistan's Independence Day Press by Hillary Rodham Clinton Secretary of United States. August 17, 2012
  55. ^ Oshin, Olafimihan (July 7, 2022). "Biden to rescind Afghanistan's designation as major non-NATO ally". The Hill. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  56. ^ "Letter to the Speaker of the House and President of the Senate providing notice of the President's intent to rescind the designation of Afghanistan as a Major Non-NATO Ally". White House. BRIEFING ROOM. July 6, 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.

قالب:Australia–United States relations قالب:Bahrain–United States relations قالب:Egypt–United States relations

قالب:Japan–United States relations قالب:Pakistan–United States relations قالب:South Korea–United States relations قالب:Taiwan–United States relations

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