المعرفة

جون توزو ويلسون

John Tuzo Wilson CC OBE FRS FRSE FRSC (October 24, 1908 – April 15, 1993) was a Canadian geophysicist and geologist who achieved worldwide acclaim for his contributions to the theory of plate tectonics.

John 'Jock' Tuzo Wilson

CC OBE FRS FRSE FRSC
John Tuzo Wilson in 1992.jpg
John Tuzo Wilson in 1992
وُلِدَ(1908-10-24)أكتوبر 24, 1908
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
توفيأبريل 15, 1993(1993-04-15) (aged 84)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
المدرسة الأم
اللقبTheory of Plate tectonics
الجوائز
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتGeophysics & geology
الهيئاتUniversity of Toronto
أطروحةThe Geology of the Mill creek - Stillwater Area, Montana (1936)
المشرف على الدكتوراهWilliam Taylor Thom, Jr
طلاب الدكتوراهHarold Williams
ملاحظات

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that the rigid outer layers of the Earth (crust and part of the upper mantle), the lithosphere, is broken up into around 13 pieces or "plates" that move independently over the weaker asthenosphere. Wilson maintained that the Hawaiian Islands were created as a tectonic plate (extending across much of the Pacific Ocean) shifted to the northwest over a fixed hotspot, spawning a long series of volcanoes. He also conceived of the transform fault, a major plate boundary where two plates move past each other horizontally (e.g., the San Andreas Fault).

His name was given to two young Canadian submarine volcanoes called the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts.[3] The Wilson cycle of seabed expansion and contraction (associated with the Supercontinent cycle) bears his name.

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Early life and education

Wilson was born in Ottawa on October 24, 1908, the son of John Armistead Wilson CBE, and his wife, Henrietta Tuzo.[4] Wilson's father was of Scottish descent and his mother was a third-generation Canadian of French descent.

He became one of the first people in Canada to receive a degree in geophysics, graduating from Trinity College at the University of Toronto in 1930.[5] He obtained a second (BA) degree from St. John's College, Cambridge in 1932 and then a doctorate (ScD). He then pursued further graduate studies as Princeton University, where he received a Ph.D. in geology in 1936 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "The Geology of the Mill creek - Stillwater Area, Montana."[6]


Career

In 1936, Wilson joined the Geological Survey of Canada as a government geologist. This was interrupted by the Second World War during which he served with the Royal Canadian Engineers, serving in Europe and reaching the rank of Colonel. He was involved in Operation Musk Ox.[7]

In 1946 he was appointed the first Professor of Geophysics at the University of Toronto.

He made significant contributions to the theory of Plate tectonics, adding a concept of hot spots. Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that the rigid outer layers of the Earth (crust and part of the upper mantle), the lithosphere, is broken up into around 13 pieces or "plates" that move independently over the weaker asthenosphere. Wilson maintained that the Hawaiian Islands were created as a tectonic plate (extending across much of the Pacific Ocean) shifted to the northwest over a fixed hotspot, spawning a long series of volcanoes. He also conceived of the transform fault, a major plate boundary where two plates move past each other horizontally (e.g., the San Andreas Fault).

The Wilson cycle of seabed expansion and contraction (associated with the Supercontinent cycle) bears his name, in recognition of his iconic observation that the present-day Atlantic Ocean appears along a former suture zone[8] and his development in a classic 1968 paper[9] of what was later named the "Wilson cycle" in 1975 by Kevin C. A. Burke, a colleague and friend of Wilson.[10]

His name was given to two young Canadian submarine volcanoes called the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts.[11]

Wilson was president (1957–1960) of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).

In 1967 he became principal of Erindale College, now known as University of Toronto Mississauga. In 1974 he left to become the Director General of the Ontario Science Centre. In 1983 he became Chancellor of York University, Toronto.

He was the host of the television series The Planet of Man.

Honours and awards

In 1969, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to the rank of Companion of that order in 1974.[12] He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971 and the American Philosophical Society in 1971.[13][14] Wilson was awarded the John J. Carty Award from the National Academy of Sciences, of which he was already a member, in 1975.[15][16] In 1978, he was awarded the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London and a Gold Medal by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. He also served as honorary vice president of the RCGS.[17] He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Canada, and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.[18]

He was elected president-elect (1978–1980) and president (1980–1982) of the American Geophysical Union. He also served as the director general of the Ontario Science Centre from 1974 to 1985.

Wilson and his plate tectonic theory are commemorated on the grounds of the Centre by a giant "immovable" spike that records the amount of plate movement since Wilson's birth.

The J. Tuzo Wilson Medal of the Canadian Geophysical Union recognizes achievements in geophysics. He is also commemorated by a named memorial professorship and an eponymous annual public lecture delivered at the University of Toronto.

He is one of the 2016 inductees into Legends Row: Mississauga Walk of Fame.[19]

Personal life

Photography

Wilson was an avid traveller and took a large number of photographs during his travels to many destinations, including European countries, parts of the then USSR, China, the southern Pacific, Africa, and to both polar regions. Although many of his photos are geological—details of rocks and their structures or panoramas of large formations—the bulk of his photos are of the places, activities and people that he saw on his travels: landscapes, city views, monuments, sites, instruments, vehicles, flora and fauna, occupations and people.

Family

In 1938 he married Isabel Jean Dickson.[1]

He retired in 1986 and died in Toronto on April 15, 1993.

Selected publications

  • One Chinese Moon (1959)
  • Wilson, Tuzo (يوليو 14, 1962). "Cabot Fault, An Appalachian Equivalent of the San Andreas and Great Glen Faults and some Implications for Continental Displacement". Nature. 195 (4837): 135–138. Bibcode:1962Natur.195..135W. doi:10.1038/195135a0. S2CID 4289725.
  • Wilson, J. Tuzo (فبراير 9, 1963). "Evidence from Islands on the Spreading of Ocean Floors". Nature. 197 (4867): 536–538. Bibcode:1963Natur.197..536W. doi:10.1038/197536a0. S2CID 4255932.
  • Wilson, J. Tuzo (1963). "A Possible Origin of the Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Physics. 41 (6): 863–870. Bibcode:1963CaJPh..41..863W. doi:10.1139/p63-094.
  • Wilson, J. Tuzo (يوليو 24, 1965). "A new Class of Faults and their Bearing on Continental Drift". Nature. 207 (4995): 343–347. Bibcode:1965Natur.207..343W. doi:10.1038/207343a0. S2CID 4294401.
  • Vine, F. J.; Wilson, J. Tuzo (أكتوبر 22, 1965). "Magnetic Anomalies over a Young Oceanic Ridge off Vancouver Island". Science. 150 (3695): 485–9. Bibcode:1965Sci...150..485V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.7395. doi:10.1126/science.150.3695.485. PMID 17842754. S2CID 41107379.
  • Wilson, J. Tuzo (أغسطس 13, 1966). "Did the Atlantic close and then re-open?". Nature. 211 (5050): 676–681. Bibcode:1966Natur.211..676W. doi:10.1038/211676a0. S2CID 4226266.
  • Wilson, J. Tuzo (1966). "Are the structures of the Caribbean and Scotia arc regions analogous to ice rafting?". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 1 (5): 335–338. Bibcode:1966E&PSL...1..335T. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(66)90019-7.
  • Wilson, J. Tuzo (ديسمبر 1968). "A Revolution in Earth Science". Geotimes. Washington DC. 13 (10): 10–16.
  • Wilson, J. Tuzo (1971). "Du Toit, Alexander Logie". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. pp. 261–263.


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See also

References

  1. ^ أ ب Garland, G. D. (1995). "John Tuzo Wilson. 24 October 1908–15 April 1993". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 41: 534–552. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0032.
  2. ^ West, Gordon F.; Farquhar, Ron M.; Garland, George D.; Halls, Henry C.; Morley, Lawrence W.; Russell, R. Don (2014). "John Tuzo Wilson, a man who moved mountains". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 51 (3): xvii. Bibcode:2014CaJES..51D..17W. doi:10.1139/cjes-2013-0175.
  3. ^ Cousens, Brian L.; Chase, R. L.; Schilling, J.-G. (1985). "Geochemistry and origin of volcanic rocks from Tuzo Wilson and Bowie seamounts, northeast Pacific Ocean". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 22 (11): 1609–17. Bibcode:1985CaJES..22.1609C. doi:10.1139/e85-170.
  4. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. يوليو 2006. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on مارس 4, 2016. Retrieved يوليو 21, 2019.
  5. ^ Eyles, Nick and Andrew Miall, Canada Rocks: The Geologic Journey, Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 2007, p. 38 ISBN 978-1-55041-860-6.
  6. ^ Wilson, John Tuzo (1936). The Geology of the Mill creek - Stillwater Area, Montana (in الإنجليزية). Princeton, N.J.: Dept. of Geological and Geophysical Sciences.
  7. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. يوليو 2006. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on مارس 4, 2016. Retrieved يوليو 21, 2019.
  8. ^ Wilson, J. Tuzo (1966). "Did the Atlantic Close and then Re-Open?". Nature. 211 (5050): 676–681. Bibcode:1966Natur.211..676W. doi:10.1038/211676a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4226266.
  9. ^ Wilson, J. Tuzo (1968). "Static or Mobile Earth: The Current Scientific Revolution". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 112 (5): 309–320. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986051.
  10. ^ Wilson, R. W.; Houseman, G. A.; Buiter, S. J. H.; McCaffrey, K. J. W.; Doré, A. G. (2019). "Fifty years of the Wilson Cycle concept in plate tectonics: an overview". Geological Society, Special Publications. London. 470 (1): 1–17. Bibcode:2019GSLSP.470....1W. doi:10.1144/SP470-2019-58. S2CID 199903646.
  11. ^ Cousens, Brian L.; Chase, R. L.; Schilling, J.-G. (1985). "Geochemistry and origin of volcanic rocks from Tuzo Wilson and Bowie seamounts, northeast Pacific Ocean". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 22 (11): 1609–17. Bibcode:1985CaJES..22.1609C. doi:10.1139/e85-170.
  12. ^ "Order of Canada citation". Governor General of Canada.
  13. ^ "John Tuzo Wilson". American Academy of Arts & Sciences (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved أغسطس 30, 2022.
  14. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved أغسطس 30, 2022.
  15. ^ "John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on فبراير 28, 2015. Retrieved فبراير 25, 2011.
  16. ^ "J. Tuzo Wilson". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved أغسطس 30, 2022.
  17. ^ "Gold Medal". Royal Canadian Geographical Society. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 6, 2018. Retrieved ديسمبر 10, 2010.
  18. ^ "John Tuzo Wilson" (PDF). obituary. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on يونيو 5, 2015. Retrieved سبتمبر 3, 2014.
  19. ^ "Malton native and NHL legend Paul Coffey heads Legends Row Class of 2016". أكتوبر 27, 2016.

External links

  • "J. Tuzo Wilson". GSA Today, Rock Stars. سبتمبر 2001. Retrieved أكتوبر 14, 2013.


مناصب أكاديمية
سبقه
John S. Proctor 		Chancellor of York University
1983–1986 		تبعه
Larry Clarke
جمعيات مهنية وأكاديمية
سبقه
Henry Duckworth 		President of the Royal Society of Canada
1972–1973 		تبعه
Guy Sylvestre
جمعيات مهنية وأكاديمية
سبقه
Office established 		President of the Canadian Geophysical Union
1974–1975 		تبعه
Denis Ian Gough

قالب:J. Tuzo Wilson Medal recipients

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