اللغة الأباظية الأولية
 | هذه المقالة تتضمن قائمة مصادر أو وصلات خارجية، ولكن تبقى مصادرها غير واضحة لأنها تفتقد إلى استشهادات داخلية. فضلاً حسـِّن هذه المقالة بجلب المزيد من الهوامش الدقيقة حيثما أمكن. (June 2012) |
| Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza | |
|---|---|
| Proto-Abazgi | |
| إعادة بناء | Abazgi languages |
السلف المعاد بناؤه | |
Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza (or Proto-Abazgi) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Abkhaz and Abaza languages.
Phonology
Consonants
The consonant system is reconstructed[بحاجة لمصدر] with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricates, and a two-way contrast in fricatives.
Below is the table of Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza Alphabet:
| Proto | Abkhaz | Cyrillic | Abaza | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bzyb | Abzhui | Tapant | ||
| *p | pʰ | Ԥ ԥ | p | |
| *b | b | Б б | b | |
| *pʼ | pʼ | П п | pʼ | |
| *f | f | Ф ф | f | |
| *w | w | У у | w | |
| *m | m | М м | m | |
| *t | t | Ҭ ҭ | t | |
| *d | d | Д д | d | |
| *tʼ | tʼ | Т т | tʼ | |
| *r | r | Р р | r | |
| *l | l | Л л | l | |
| *n | n | Н н | n | |
| *tʷ | tʷ | Ҭә ҭә | tʃʷ | |
| *dʷ | dʷ | Дә дә | dʒʷ | |
| *ts | tsʰ | Ц ц | ts | |
| *dz | dz | Ӡ ӡ | dz | |
| *tsʼ | tsʼ | Ҵ ҵ | tsʼ | |
| *s | s | С с | s | |
| *z | z | З з | z | |
| *tś | tś | ts(~s) | Ц ц | ts(~s) |
| *dź | dź | dz(~z) | Ӡ ӡ | dz(~z) |
| *tśˀ | tśˀ | tsˀ | Ҵ ҵ | tsˀ |
| *ś | ś | s | С с | s |
| *ź | ź | z | З з | z |
| *tśʷʰ | tśs˞ʰ | ʈʂʰ | tʃʷʰ | |
| *dzʷ | dz˞ | ɖʐ | ʒʷ | |
| *tsʷˀ | ts˞ˀ | ʈʂˀ | tʃʷˀ | |
| *sʷ | s˞ | ʂ | ʃʷ | |
| *zʷ | z˞ | ʐ | ʒʷ | |
| *tʃ | tʃ | tʃ | ||
| *dʒ | dʒ | dʒ | ||
| *tʃˀ | tʃˀ | tʃˀ | ||
| *ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ||
| *ʒ | ʒ | ʒ | ||
| *tɕ | tɕ | tɕ | ||
| *dʑ | dʑ | dʑ | ||
| *tɕˀ | tɕˀ | tɕˀ | ||
| *ɕ | ɕ | ɕ | ||
| *ʑ | ʑ | ʑ | ||
| *j | j | j | ||
| *fʰVtsʰV | fʰ | tsʰ | ||
| *dzVvV | v | dz | ||
| *tsˀVfˀV | pˀ | fˀ | tsˀ | |
| *ʃʷ | ʂ | ʃʷ | ||
| *ʒʷ | ʐ | ʒʷ | ||
| *k | k | k | ||
| *ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | ||
| *kˀ | kˀ | kˀ | ||
| *χ | χ | χ | ||
| *ʁ | ʁ | ʁ | ||
| *kʲ | kʲ | kʲ | ||
| *ɡʲ | ɡʲ | ɡʲ | ||
| *kʲˀ | kʲˀ | kʲˀ | ||
| *χʲ | χʲ | χʲ | ||
| *ʁʲ | ʁʲ | ʁʲ | ||
| *kʷ | kʷ | kʷ | ||
| *ɡʷ | ɡʷ | ɡʷ | ||
| *kʷˀ | kʷˀ | kʷˀ | ||
| *χʷ | χʷ | χʷ | ||
| *ʁʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ | ||
| *qʰ | χˤ | χ | qʰ | |
| *qˀ | qˀ | qˀ | ||
| *qʲˀ | qʲˀ | qʲˀ | ||
| *qʷ | χˤʷ | qʷ | ||
| *qʷˀ | qʷˀ | qʷˀ | ||
| *qˀ | qˀ | qˀ | ||
| *ħ | ħ | ħ | ||
| *ʕ | ɑɑ | ʕ | ||
| *ħʷ | ħʷ | ħʷ | ||
| *ʕʷ | ɥ | ʕʷ | ||
- In some Abaza dialects the velar consonants turned to uvular consonants.
The most noticeable changes are:
- The velar consonants become uvular consonants in Abkhaz languages.
Grammar
| English | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz (Bzyb) | Abkhaz | Abaza |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| quail | ač́a | – | áč́a | ač́a |
| word | azʷa | áža | áž̌a | ažʷa |
| enemy | aɣa | – | a-ʁá | aʁa |
| snake | matǝ | – | matǝ | á-mat |
| cheese | ašʷǝ | áš̌ | áš̌ | ašʷǝ |
| English | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz (Bzyb) | Abkhaz (Abzhui) | Abaza (Tapant) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | za-kʼə | a-kʼə | – | za-kʼə |
| 2 | ʕʷ-ba | ɥ-ba | – | ʕʷ-ba |
| 3 | χ-ba | χ-ba | – | χ-ba |
| 4 | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | – | pɕ-ba |
| 5 | χʷ-ba | xʷ-ba | χʷ-ba | χʷ-ba |
| 6 | – | f-ba | – | t͡s-ba |
| 7 | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | – | bəʑ-ba |
| 8 | aʕ-ba | aa-ba | – | aʕ-ba |
| 9 | *ʑʷ-ba | ʑʷ-ba | – | ʒʷ-ba |
| 10 | *ʑʷa-ba | ʑʷa-ba | – | ʒʷa-ba |
| 11 | – | ʑʷaj-za | – | ʒʷəj-z |
| 12 | – | ʑʷaj-ɥa | – | ʒʷə-ʕʷ |
| 13 | – | ʑʷa-xa | – | ʒʷa-χ |
| 14 | – | ʑʷaj-pɕ | – | ʒʷəj-pɕ |
| 15 | – | ʑʷa-xʷ | – | ʒʷə-χʷ |
| 16 | – | ʑʷa-f | – | ʒʷaj-t͡s |
| 17 | *ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ | ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ | – | ʒʷaj-bəʑ̩ |
| 18 | *ʑʷ-ʕ | ʑʷ-aa | – | ʒʷa-ʕ |
| 19 | *ʒʷaj-ʑʷ | ʒʷaj-ʑʷ | – | ʒʷaj-ʒʷ |
| 20 | *ʕʷa-ʑʷa | ɥa-ʑʷa | – | ʕʷa-ʒʷa |
| 100 | – | ɕʷ-kʼə | – | ʃʷ-kʼə |
| 1000 | z-kʲə | z-kʲə | – | z-kʲə |
انظر أيضاً
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Northwest Caucasian reconstructions
المراجع
- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.
وصلات خارجية
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