الحرس الپريتوري
الحرس الپريتوري Praetorian Guard (لاتينية: Praetoriani )، كان قوة الحرس الشخصي تستخدم لحراسة الأباطرة الرومان. استخدم اللقب أثناء الجمهورية الرومانية لوصف الجنرالات الرومان، على الأقل منذ ظهور عائلة سكيپيو حوالي 275 ق.م. أصدر الإمبراطور قسطنطين الأول أمره بحل الحرس الپريتوري في القرن 4.
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التاريخ
هذا المقال هو جزء من سلسلة عن: عسكرية روما القديمة (بوابة) | |||
التاريخ الهيكلي | |||
الجيش الروماني (أنواع الوحدات والرتب, الفيالق, الردائف, الجنرالات) | |||
البحرية الرومانية (الأساطيل, أدميرالات) | |||
تاريخ الحملات | |||
قوائم الحروب والمعارك | |||
أوسمة وتكديرات | |||
التاريخ التكنولوجي | |||
الهندسة العسكرية (كاسترا, معدات الحصار, الأقواس, الطرق) | |||
المعدات الشخصية | |||
التاريخ السياسي | |||
الاستراتيجية والتكتيك | |||
تكتيكات المشاة | |||
الجبهات والتحصينات (سور فاصل, حائط هادريان) |
التشكيل الأصلي للحرس
المشاركة في الحروب
الدور السياسي
سنوات الشفق
ذكراه
العلاقة بين الإمبراطور وحرسه
الإمبراطور | السنة | العلاقة مع الحرس |
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أغسطس | 27 ق.م–م14 | أسس الحرس الپريتوري، حاز على ولائهم الكامل. |
تيبريوس | 14–37 | Made Sejanus the sole Guard prefect (as opposed to having the usual two) allowed him to concentrate the guard in a single camp. Tiberius later had him executed and replaced with Macro. |
كاليگولا | 37–41 | Accession smoothed by popularity with Macro, the Praetorian Prefect he later had executed. Murdered by the Guard. |
كلاوديوس الأول | 41–54 | Proclaimed emperor by the Guard and defended by them when in difficulty (e.g., Messalina and Gaius Silius' attempted coup). Began the process of formalised accession donatives on a large scale and his coinage reflects the fact with coin captioned imper.recep i.e. "position of emperor received from" with a picture of the Praetorian camp on. |
نيرون | 54–68 | Eventually deserted by the Guard[1] |
گالبا | 68–69 | Murdered by the Guard whose accession donative, promised on his behalf by Tigellinus and Otho, he refused to pay. |
أوثو | 69 | Elevated by the Guard who fought ferociously for him at Cremona before he committed suicide. |
فيتليوس | 69 | Deposed by the Guard then executed. |
ڤسپاسيان | 69–79 | Reduced the size of the Guard after victory in 69[2] |
تيتوس | 79–81 | Served as Praetorian prefect, then as emperor. |
دوميتيان | 81–96 | His election was supported by the Guard who remained fiercely loyal to him, especially as he increased the army's pay. Killed by influential palace freedmen. |
نرڤا | 96–98 | Forced by a rebelling guard to adopt Marcus Ulpius Traianus as his successor. |
تراجان | 98–117 | Had the Guard officers who led the rebellion against Nerva executed upon his succession. |
هادريان | 117–138 | Founded the Frumentarii. |
أنطونينوس پيوس | 138–161 | |
ماركوس أورليوس | 161–180 | Commanded the Guard in his war against the Germanian Tribes. |
لوكيوس ڤيرس | 161–169 | |
كمودس | 180–192 | Retained the loyalty of the Guard. |
Pertinax | 193 | Assassinated by the Guard. |
Didius Julianus | 193 | Scandalously 'purchased' the Empire from the Guard and was soon deserted by them. |
Septimius Severus | 193–211 | Disbanded the Guard and created a new one from the Danubian Legions. |
Caracalla | 211–217 | Murdered in a plot by the Praetorian Prefect Macrinus. |
Macrinus | 217–218 | |
Elagabalus | 218–222 | Murdered in the Castra Praetoria by the Guard. |
Alexander Severus | 222–235 | Elevated by the Guard. |
Maximinus Thrax | 235–238 | |
Gordian I | 238 | |
Gordian II | 238 | |
Balbinus | 238 | Murdered by the Guard. |
Pupienus | 238 | Murdered by the Guard. |
Gordian III | 238–244 | Proclaimed emperor by the Guard but killed by his Prefect, Philip the Arab. |
Philip the Arab | 244–249 | |
Decius | 249–251 | |
Herennius Etruscus | 251 | |
Hostilian | 251 | |
Trebonianus Gallus | 251–253 | |
Aemilianus | 253 | |
Publius Licinius Valerianus | 253–260 | |
Gallienus | 260-268 | |
Claudius II | 268–270 | |
Quintillus | 270 | |
Aurelian | 270–275 | The Praetorians accompanied Aurelian on an expedition against Palmyra. Subsequently he was murdered by the Guard |
Marcus Claudius Tacitus | 275–276 | |
Florianus | 276 | |
Marcus Aurelius Probus | 276–282 | Murdered by Praetorian troops after a revolt. |
Carus | 282–283 | |
Carinus | 283–285 | |
Numerian | 283–284 | |
Diocletian | 284–305 | Dismantled the political power of the Praetorians through sweeping reforms of the Imperial system. Reported to have reduced the size of the Guard. |
Maximian | 286–305, 307–308 | Praetorians accompanied Maximian to Africa in 297. |
Galerius | 305–311 | |
Constantius Chlorus | 305–306 | |
Flavius Valerius Severus | 306–307 | |
Maxentius | 306–312 | Last emperor to command the guard. |
قسطنطين الأول | 306–337 | Disbanded the Guard and destroyed the Castra Praetoria. |
التنظيم وظروف الخدمة
الخيالة الملكية
الرتب والقيادات
رتب وقيادات الحرس الپريتوري | |
---|---|
Milites | Regular soldiers of the guard. |
Immunes | Guardsmen with secondary specialist roles that exempted them from other less than desired duties. After five years these soldiers were allowed to serve in the Equites singulares (cavalry branch). |
Evocati Augusti | After 16 years of service guardsmen could retire with a sizeable cash payment. Guardsmen who chose to stay in service after the 16 year period were called Evocati and gained privileges. |
Centuriones | Praetorian Centurions commanded centuries of guardsmen while the most senior centurions commanded entire cohorts. |
Tribuni | These officers acted as staff officers and as deputies to the Praetorian Prefects. |
Praefectus | The highest rank in the Praetorian Guard, head of the Praetorian Guard. |
في الثقافة العامة
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انظر أيضاً
هوامش
المصادر
- Bingham, Sandra J. (1999) [1997]. The praetorian guard in the political and social life of Julio-Claudian Rome (PDF). Ottawa: National Library of Canada. ISBN 0-612-27106-4. Retrieved 2007-05-23.