المعرفة

هونان

(تم التحويل من Hunan)
لأماكن أخرى بنفس الاسم، انظر هونان (توضيح).
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Henan Province.

هونان (المساعدة·معلومات) (صينية تقليدية: 湖南; پن‌ين: Húnán) هي مقاطعة في الصين، تقع إلى الجنوب من القطاع الأوسط لنهر يانگتسه وجنوب بحيرة دونگتنگ (ولذلك الاسم هونان ، يعني "جنوب البحيرة"[5]). هونان تـُسمى أحياناً 湘 (پن‌ين: Xiāng) اختصاراً لنهر شيانگ الذي يجري عبر المقاطعة. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Guangdong and Guangxi to the south, Guizhou to the west and Chongqing to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is Changsha, which also abuts the Xiang River. Hengyang, Zhuzhou, and Yueyang are among its most populous urban cities. With a population of just over 66 million اعتبارا من 2020 residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km2 (81,000 sq mi), it is China's 7th most populous province, the fourth most populous among landlocked provinces, the second most populous in South Central China after Guangdong and the most populous province in Central China. It is the largest province in South-Central China and the fourth largest among landlocked provinces and the 10th most extensive province by area.

Hunan
湖南
Province
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Name
 • Chinese湖南省 (Húnán Shěng)
 • AbbreviationHN / 湘 (پن‌ين: Xiāng�)
Map showing the location of Hunan Province
Map showing the location of Hunan Province
الإحداثيات: 28°06′46″N 112°59′00″E / 28.11265°N 112.98338°E / 28.11265; 112.98338Coordinates: 28°06′46″N 112°59′00″E / 28.11265°N 112.98338°E / 28.11265; 112.98338
CountryChina
السمِيْ湖, hú – lake
南, nán – south
"South of the lake"
Capital
(and largest city)		Changsha
Divisions14 prefectures، 122 counties، 1,933 townships (2018)، 29,224 villages (2018)
الحكومة
 • النوعProvince
 • الكيانHunan Provincial People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryShen Xiaoming
 • Congress chairmanZhang Qingwei
 • GovernorMao Weiming
 • CPPCC chairmanMao Wanchun
المساحة
[1]
 • الإجمالي210٬000 كم² (80٬000 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة10th
أعلى منسوب
(Mount Lingfeng)
2٬115٫2 m (6٬939٫6 ft)
التعداد
 (2020)[2]
 • الإجمالي66٬444٬864
 • الترتيب7th
 • الكثافة320/km2 (820/sq mi)
 • ترتيب الكثافة13th
صفة المواطنHunanese
Demographics
 • Ethnic compositionHan – 90%
Tujia – 4%
Miao – 3%
Dong – 1%
Yao – 1%
Other peoples – 1%
 • Languages and dialectsChinese varieties:
Xiang, Gan, Southwestern Mandarin, Xiangnan Tuhua, Waxiang, Hakka
Non-Chinese languages:
Xong, Tujia, Mien, Gam
ISO 3166 codeCN-HN
GDP (2021[3])CNY 4.6 trillion
USD 724 billion
$1.1 trillion (PPP)[3] (9nd)
 • per capita¥69,300
$ 10,908 (14th)
$16,618 (PPP)
HDI (2019)▲ 0.755[4]
high · 15th
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.enghunan.gov.cn
هونان
Hunan (Chinese characters).svg
"Hunan" in Chinese characters
الصينية湖南
Xiangɣu˩˧ nia˩˧ (fu-lã)
المعنى الحرفي"South of the (Dongting) Lake"

Hunan's nominal GDP was US$724 billion (CNY 4.6 trillion) as of 2021, appearing in the world's top 20 largest sub-national economies, with its GDP (PPP) being over US$1.1 trillion.[6][7] Hunan is the 9th-largest provincial economy of China, the fourth largest in South Central China, the third largest in Central China and the fourth largest among landlocked provinces. Its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$10,900 (69,300 CNY), making it the third richest province in the South Central China region after Guangdong and Hubei.[6] As of 2020, Hunan's GDP (nominal) reached 605 billion US dollars (CNY 4.18 trillion),[8][9] exceeding that of Poland, with a GDP of US$596 billion and Thailand, with a GDP of US$501 billion, the 22nd and 25th largest in the world respectively.[10]

The name Hunan literally means "south of the lake".[11] The lake that is referred to is Dongting Lake, a lake in the northeast of the province; Vehicle license plates from Hunan are marked Xiāng (صينية: 湘�), after the Xiang River, which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the largest drainage system for the province. The area of Hunan was under Chinese rule as far back as 350 BC. Hunan was the birthplace of communist revolutionary Mao Zedong,[12] who became the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and the founding father of the People's Republic of China. Hunan today is home to some ethnic minorities, including the Tujia and Miao, along with the Han Chinese, who make up a majority of the population. Varieties of Chinese spoken include Xiang, Gan and Southwestern Mandarin.

The site of Wulingyuan was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992.[13] Changsha, the capital, is located in the eastern part of the province; it is now an important commercial, manufacturing and transportation centre.[14] The busiest airports serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including Changsha Huanghua International Airport, Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport and Changde Taohuayuan Airport.[15] Hunan is the seat of the Yuelu Academy (later become Hunan University), which is one of the four major academies over the last 1000 years in ancient China.[16] As of 2022, Hunan hosts 130 institutions of higher education, ranking sixth among all Chinese provinces.[17]

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التاريخ

 
Western Han painting on الحرير was found draped over the coffin in the grave of Lady Dai (c. 168 BC) at Mawangdui near Changsha في مقاطعة هونان.

Hunan's primeval forests were first occupied by the ancestors of the modern Miao, Tujia, Dong and Yao peoples. It entered the written history of China around 350 BC, when under the kings of the Zhou Dynasty, it became part of the State of Chu. After Qin conquered the Chu heartland in 278 BC, the region came under the control of Qin, and then the Han dynasty. At this time, and for hundreds of years thereafter, it was a magnet for migration of Han Chinese from the north, who displaced or assimilated the indigenous people, cleared forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains.[18] The agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the Han state, which managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods.[19] To this day many of the small villages in Hunan are named after the Han families who settled there. Migration from the north was especially prevalent during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties Periods, when nomadic invaders pushed these peoples south.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, Hunan was home to its own independent regime, Ma Chu.

As Mao Zedong's home province, Hunan supported the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976. However, it was slower than most provinces in adopting the reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping in the years that followed Mao's death in 1976.

Former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji is also Hunanese, as are the late President Liu Shaoqi and the late Marshal Peng Dehuai.


الجغرافيا

 
Furong Ancient Town, located in Yongshun County of Xiangxi

Hunan is located on the south bank of the Yangtze River, about half way along its length, situated between 108° 47'–114° 16' east longitude and 24° 37'–30° 08' north latitude. It covers an area of 211,800 square kilometres (81,800 sq mi)*, making it the 10th largest provincial-level division. The east, south and west sides of the province are surrounded by mountains and hills, such as the Wuling Mountains to the northwest, the Xuefeng Mountains to the west, the Nanling Mountains to the south, and the Luoxiao Mountains to the east. The mountains and hills occupy more than 80% of the area and plains comprises less than 20% of the whole province.

The Xiang, the Zi, the Yuan and the Lishui Rivers converge on the Yangtze River at Lake Dongting in the north of Hunan. The center and northern parts are somewhat low and a U-shaped basin, open in the north and with Lake Dongting as its center. Most of Hunan lies in the basins of four major tributaries of the Yangtze River.

Lake Dongting is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of China.

 
Fenghuang Ancient Town, located in Fenghuang County of Xiangxi

The Xiaoxiang area and Lake Dongting figure prominently in Chinese poetry and paintings, particularly during the Song Dynasty when they were associated with officials who had been unjustly dismissed.[20]


التقسيمات الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: List of administrative divisions of Hunan

Hunan is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions: thirteen prefecture-level cities and an autonomous prefecture:

Administrative divisions of Hunan
Division code[21] Division Area in km2[22] Population 2010[23] Seat Divisions[24]
Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities
430000 Hunan Province 210000.00 65,683,722 Changsha city 36 61 7 18
430100 Changsha city 11,819.46 7,044,118 Yuelu District 6 1 2
430200 Zhuzhou city 11,262.20 3,855,609 Tianyuan District 5 3 1
430300 Xiangtan city 5,006.46 2,748,552 Yuetang District 2 1 2
430400 Hengyang city 15,302.78 7,141,462 Zhengxiang District 5 5 2
430500 Shaoyang city 20,829.63 7,071,826 Daxiang District 3 6 1 2
430600 Yueyang city 14,897.88 5,477,911 Yueyanglou District 3 4 2
430700 Changde city 18,177.18 5,747,218 Wuling District 2 6 1
430800 Zhangjiajie city 9,516.03 1,476,521 Yongding District 2 2
430900 Yiyang city 12,325.16 4,313,084 Heshan District 2 3 1
431000 Chenzhou city 19,317.33 4,581,778 Beihu District 2 8 1
431100 Yongzhou city 22,255.31 5,180,235 Lengshuitan District 2 8 1
431200 Huaihua city 27,562.72 4,741,948 Hecheng District 1 5 5 1
431300 Loudi city 8,107.61 3,785,627 Louxing District 1 2 2
433100 Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture 15,462.30 2,547,833 Jishou city 7 1

The fourteen prefecture-level divisions of Hunan are subdivided into 122 county-level divisions (35 districts, 17 county-level cities, 63 counties, 7 autonomous counties). Those are in turn divided into 2587 township-level divisions (1098 towns, 1158 townships, 98 ethnic townships, 225 subdistricts, and eight district public offices). At the year end of 2017, the total population is 68.6 million.[1]

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# City Urban area[25] District area[25] City proper[25] Census date
1 Changsha[أ] 2,963,218 3,092,213 7,040,952 2010-11-01
(1) Changsha (new district)[أ] 230,136 523,660 see Changsha 2010-11-01
2 Hengyang 1,115,645 1,133,967 7,148,344 2010-11-01
3 Zhuzhou[ب] 999,404 1,055,150 3,857,100 2010-11-01
(3) Zhuzhou (new district)[ب] 94,326 383,598 see Zhuzhou 2010-11-01
4 Yueyang 924,099 1,231,509 5,476,084 2010-11-01
5 Xiangtan 903,287 960,303 2,752,171 2010-11-01
6 Changde 846,308 1,457,419 5,714,623 2010-11-01
7 Yiyang 697,607 1,245,517 4,307,933 2010-11-01
8 Liuyang 588,081 1,279,469 see Changsha 2010-11-01
9 Chenzhou 582,971 822,534 4,583,531 2010-11-01
10 Shaoyang 574,527 753,194 7,071,735 2010-11-01
11 Yongzhou 540,930 1,020,715 5,194,275 2010-11-01
(12) Ningxiang[ت] 498,055 1,166,138 see Changsha 2010-11-01
13 Leiyang 476,173 1,151,554 see Hengyang 2010-11-01
14 Huaihua 472,687 552,622 4,741,673 2010-11-01
15 Liling 449,067 947,387 see Zhuzhou 2010-11-01
16 Loudi 425,037 496,744 3,784,634 2010-11-01
17 Changning 332,927 810,447 see Hengyang 2010-11-01
18 Miluo 321,074 692,080 see Yueyang 2010-11-01
19 Yuanjiang 281,097 666,270 see Yiyang 2010-11-01
20 Zhangjiajie 250,489 494,528 1,478,149 2010-11-01
21 Lianyuan 245,360 995,515 see Loudi 2010-11-01
22 Lengshuijiang 238,275 327,146 see Loudi 2010-11-01
23 Linxiang 225,054 498,319 see Yueyang 2010-11-01
24 Zixing 215,707 337,294 see Chenzhou 2010-11-01
25 Jishou 212,328 302,065 part of Xiangxi Prefecture 2010-11-01
26 Xiangxiang 210,799 788,216 see Xiangtan 2010-11-01
27 Hongjiang 197,753 477,996 see Huaihua 2010-11-01
28 Wugang 187,436 734,870 see Shaoyang 2010-11-01
29 Jinshi 156,230 250,898 see Changde 2010-11-01
30 Shaoshan 27,613 86,036 see Xiangtan 2010-11-01
  1. ^ أ ب New district established after census: Wangcheng (Wangcheng County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  2. ^ أ ب New district established after census: Lukou (Zhuzhou County). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^ Ningxiang County is currently known as Ningxiang CLC after census.
 
أكبر cities في Hunan
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[26]
الترتيب التعداد الترتيب التعداد
 
Changsha
 
Hengyang 		1 Changsha 3,744,300 11 Yongzhou 574,500  
Zhuzhou
 
Changde
2 Hengyang 1,437,900 12 Leiyang 573,000
3 Zhuzhou 1,152,600 13 Loudi 516,800
4 Changde 997,900 14 Ningxiang 472,700
5 Yueyang 892,000 15 Jishou 315,000
6 Chenzhou 842,000 16 Changning 300,000
7 Xiangtan 817,700 17 Wugang 290,000
8 Shaoyang 712,300 18 Liuyang 260,100
9 Yiyang 668,200 19 Liling 247,500
10 Huaihua 624,000 20 Xiangxiang 235,000


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الاقتصاد

As of the mid 19th century, Hunan exported rhubarb, musk, honey, tobacco, hemp, and birds.[27] The Lake Dongting area is an important center of ramie production, and Hunan is also an important center of tea cultivation. Aside from agricultural products, in recent years Hunan has grown to become an important center for steel, machinery and electronics production, especially as China's manufacturing sector moves away from coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Zhejiang.[28]

The Lengshuijiang area is noted for its stibnite mines, and is one of the major centers of antimony extraction in China.[بحاجة لمصدر]

الثقافة

 
Wulingyuan
 
Zhangjiajie

الهامش

  1. ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  2. ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ^ أ ب "List of Chinese provinces by 2021 GDP". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved 3 October 2021.[dead link]
  4. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  5. ^ Origin of the Names of China's Provinces, People's Daily Online.
  6. ^ أ ب "Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers". China Briefing News (in الإنجليزية). 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
  7. ^ "Hunan Province's Regional GDP Hit 4.6 Trillion Yuan in 2021". www.enghunan.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
  8. ^ "Top 10 provincial regions in China by GDP 2020". ex.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
  9. ^ rsatax (2021-06-11). "Investing in Hunan". rsa-tax (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-06-15.
  10. ^ "2020 GDP (current US$) - Poland, Thailand, Nigeria". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
  11. ^ (in صينية) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces Archived 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine, People's Daily Online.
  12. ^ Schram, Stuart R. (Stuart Reynolds), 1924-2012. (1967). Mao Tse-tung. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0140208402. OCLC 7874661.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  14. ^ Planet, Lonely. "Changsha travel | Hunan, China". Lonely Planet (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  15. ^ 2021年民航机场吞吐量排名 (PDF) (in الصينية). Civil Aviation Administration of China. 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  16. ^ Fan Chengda (1126-1193). Shigushanji(石鼓山记)："天下有书院四：徂徕、金山、岳麓、石鼓。"
  17. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :7
  18. ^ Harold Wiens. Han Expansion in South China. (Shoe String Press, 1967).
  19. ^ Brian Lander. State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region . T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362
  20. ^ Alfreda Murck (2000). Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-00782-6.
  21. ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in الصينية المبسطة). Ministry of Civil Affairs. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  22. ^ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in الصينية المبسطة). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  23. ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  24. ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in الصينية المبسطة). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
  25. ^ أ ب ت 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
  26. ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in الصينية). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House. Archived from the original on 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  27. ^ Roberts, Edmund (1837). Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 123.
  28. ^ http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hunan-province/

وصلات خارجية

 
مشاع المعرفة فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Hunan.

قالب:County-level divisions of Hunan

الكلمات الدالة:
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