المعرفة

بيهار

(تم التحويل من Bihar)
For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation).
This article is about state of India. It is not to be confused with Bihar County or Bihor County.

بيهار (بالهندية: बिहार) هي واحدة من ولايات الهند. تقع في الجزء الشرقي من البلاد، وعاصمتها باتنا. تقع شمالها مملكة النيبال. وتحيط بها ولايات الهند الأخرى: أوتار برادش من الغرب، وجهاركاند من الجنوب، وغرب البنغال شرقاً. ثقافياً تعتبر جزء من المنطقة المتحدثة باللغة الهندية في بلاد الهند. بيهار هي أيضاً المكان الذي ولد فيه أول رئيس للهند وهو ريجندرا براساد. عدد سكانها 82878796 نسمة (ثالث أكبر ولايات الهند)، ومساحتها 94164 كم2.

Bihar
State
State of Bihar
Mahabodhi Temple - Bodh Gaya.jpg
Ruins Of Nalanda University.jpg
Patna Museum - General View (9221515542).jpg
Photonkar-016.jpg
Ruins of Patliputra at Kumhrar.JPG
Sher Shah Suri Tomb.jpg
Mithila Painting at Patna Junction.jpg
Rajendra Setu.png
Ghora katora lake.jpg
Top to bottom, left to right: Mahabodhi Temple; Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library; ruins of the ancient Nalanda University; Patna Museum; Takht Sri Patna Sahib; Kumhrar location of the ruins of the ancient city of Pataliputra; 16th century CE Tomb of Sher Shah Suri; Madhubani painting from Mithila region; Rajendra Setu on Ganges river; and Ghora Katora lake in Rajgir
Official Emblem of Bihar
Emblem of Bihar
أصل الاسم: "Monastery"
الكنية: 
"Land of Monasteries"
الشعار: 
Satyameva Jayate (Truth alone triumphs)
النشيد: Mere Bharat Ke Kanth Haar
(The Garland of My India)
The map of India showing Bihar
Location of Bihar in India
الإحداثيات: 25°24′N 85°06′E / 25.4°N 85.1°E / 25.4; 85.1Coordinates: 25°24′N 85°06′E / 25.4°N 85.1°E / 25.4; 85.1
Country الهند
RegionEast India
Before wasPart of Bengal Province
Formation22 March 1912
Capital
and largest city		Patna
Districts38
الحكومة
 • الكيانGovernment of Bihar
 • GovernorRajendra Arlekar[2]
 • Chief MinisterNitish Kumar (JD(U))
 • Deputy Chief MinisterTejashwi Yadav (RJD)
State LegislatureBicameral
 • CouncilBihar Legislative Council (75 seats)
 • AssemblyBihar Legislative Assembly (243 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha16 seats
 • Lok Sabha40 seats
High CourtPatna High Court
المساحة
[3]
 • الإجمالي94٬163 كم² (36٬357 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة12th
الأبعاد
 • الطول345 km (214 mi)
 • العرض483 km (300 mi)
المنسوب
[4]
53 m (174 ft)
أعلى منسوب
(Someshwar Fort[5])
880 m (2٬890 ft)
أوطى منسوب
11 m (36 ft)
التعداد
 (2023)[6]
 • الإجمالي▲ 130٬725٬310[1]
 • الترتيب2nd
 • الكثافة1٬388/km2 (3٬590/sq mi)
 • Urban
11٫29%
 • Rural
88٫71%
صفة المواطنBihari
Language
 • OfficialHindi
 • Additional OfficialUrdu
 • Official ScriptDevanagari script
GDP
[7]
 • Total (2023–2024)▲.₹8٫59 lakh crore (110 بليون US$)
 • Rank14th
 • Per capita▲₹65٬710 (US$820) (32nd)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-BR
Vehicle registrationBR
HDI (2019)▲ 0.581 Medium[8] (36th)
Literacy (2020)▲ 68.15% (34th)
Sex ratio (2019-20)1090♀/1000 ♂[9]
الموقع الإلكترونيstate.bihar.gov.in
رموز Bihar
الأغنيةMere Bharat Ke Kanth Haar
(The Garland of My India)
Foundation dayBihar Day
الثدييGaur
الطائرHouse sparrow
السمكةWalking catfish
الزهرةMarigold
الفاكهةMango
الشجرةPeepal tree
State Highway Mark
SH IN-BR.png
State Highway of Bihar
BR SH1 - BR SH82
List of Indian state symbols

بيهار Bihar مدينة وولاية من ولايات جمهورية الهند الخمس والعشرين، تقع في شمال شرقيها بين ولايات اوتار پرادش وماديا پرادش واوريسة في الغرب والجنوب، والبنغال الغربية في الشرق. وتحدها من الشمال نيبال، مساحتها 173.876 كم2. ويعني اسمها (ديربوذي) بالسنسكريتية. أما مدينة بيهار وتُعرف بـ«بيهار شريف» أيضاً فهي مدينة تقع على رافد للغانج، وكانت عاصمة لأسرة بالا Pala التي حكمت في القرن العاشر الميلادي، وفيها معالم من القرن الخامس الميلادي والكثير من المساجد والأضرحة الإسلامية.

On 15 November 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand.[10] Only 11.27% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas as per a 2020 report.[11] Additionally, almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state.[12] The official language is Hindi and additional official language is Urdu, although other languages are common, including Maithili, Magahi, Bhojpuri, and other Languages of Bihar.

In Ancient and Classical India, the area that is now Bihar was considered the centre of political and cultural power and as a haven of learning.[13] From Magadha arose India's first empire, the Maurya empire, as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions: Buddhism.[14] Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.[15] Another region of Bihar, Mithila, was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom.[16][17]

However, since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development.[18] Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the policies of the central government, such as the freight equalisation policy,[19][20] its apathy towards Bihar,[21] lack of Bihari sub-nationalism,[22] and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company.[20] The state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state.[23] Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure,[24] better healthcare facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and corruption.[25]

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أصل الاسم

The name Bihar derives from the Sanskrit and Pali word vihāra (Devanagari: विहार), meaning "abode". The region roughly encompassing the present state had many Buddhist vihāras, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabaqat-i Nasiri that in 1198 Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town identified with the word, later known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km (43 mi) away from Bodh Gaya.[26][27]


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ بيهار
انظر أيضاً: Timeline for Bihar; Magadha; Mithila Kingdom; History of Buddhism in India; Decline of Buddhism in India; Mithila, India; and List of rulers of Mithila
 
Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur, Vaishali. The Brahmi letters on the seal state: "Kundpur was in Vaishali. Prince Vardhaman (Mahavira) used this seal after the Judgement."
 
Magadha, Anga and Vajjika League of Mithila, 600 BCEح. 600 BCE

لبيهار ماض طويل في تاريخ الهند، قامت فيها ممالك من العصر الفيدي الباكر قبل 1500ق.م، كما كانت مركزاً لنشأة حضارات هندية متعاقبة، وجزءاً من ممالك وإمارات إسلامية ظهرت في شمالي الهند حتى احتلالها من قبل الإنكليز، وتسميتها (مقاطعة) عام 1936، ثم (ولاية) عام 1947. وقد كانت بيهار مركزاً للحركات المناهضة للاستعمار البريطاني، ومنها حركة المقاومة السلبية التي قادها غاندي من منطقة شامباران في شمالي الولاية.

بوذية ماگادا قضى عليها تماماً الغزو الإسلامي بقيادة محمد بن بختيار خلجي، الذي دمر العديد من ڤيهارات والجامعات الشهيرة في نالندا و ڤيكرامشيلا، وقـُتـِل الآلالف من الرهبان البوذيين في القرن الثاني عشر.[28] [29]

 
گاوتاما بوذا يؤدي تمارين صوفية شاقة قبل استنارته على ضفاف نهر فلگو في بود گايا
 
الامبراطور أشوكا الأعظم(وُلِد في پاتنا، بيهار)
 
مسرحية كالي‌داسا بالسنسكريتية Abhijñānaśākuntala هي واحدة من انجازات امبراطورية گوپتا.
 
أطلال جامعة نالندا القديمة.

العصر القديم

Chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record from the Neolithic age (2500–1345 BCEح. 2500–1345 BCE).[30][31] Regions of Bihar – such as Magadha, Mithila, and Anga – are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India.

Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the Videha Kingdom.[32][33] During the late Vedic period (1100ح. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas.[34] Sita, a daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila is mentioned as the consort of Lord Rama, in the Hindu epic Ramayana, written by Valmiki.[32][35][صفحة مطلوبة] The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajjika League which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila.[36] Vajji had a republican form of government where the head of state was elected from the rajas. Based on the information found in texts pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism, Vajji was established as a republic by the sixth century BCE, before the birth of Gautama Buddha in 563 BCE, making it the first known republic in India.

The Haryanka dynasty, founded in 684 BCE, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern Rajgir). The two well-known kings from this dynasty were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru founded the city of Pataliputra which later became the capital of Magadha. He declared war and conquered the Vajjika League. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the Shishunaga dynasty. Later, the Nanda Dynasty ruled a vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab.

The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire, India's first empire. The Maurya Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 325 BCE, was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who was born in Magadha. It had its capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna). Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, who was born in Pataliputra (Patna), is often considered to be among the most accomplished rulers in world history.[37][38]

The Gupta Empire, which originated in Magadha in 240 CE, is referred to as the Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion, and Indian philosophy.[39] Bihar and Bengal were invaded by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century.[40][41]

 
Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan dynasty

العصر الوسيط

Buddhism in Magadha went into decline due to the invasion of محمد بن بختيار خلجي, during which many of the viharas were destroyed along with the universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila. Some historians believe that thousands of Buddhist monks were massacred during the 12th century.[42][43][44][45] D. N. Jha suggests, instead, that these incidents were the result of Buddhist–Brahmin skirmishes in a fight for supremacy.[46] After the fall of the Pala Empire, the Chero dynasty ruled some parts of Bihar from the 12th century until Mughal rule in the 16th century.[47] In 1540, the great Pathan chieftain, Sher Shah Suri, took northern India from the Mughals and declared Delhi his capital.

From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these were the Karnatas, followed by the Oiniwar dynasty and Raj Darbhanga.[48] It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga.[49][50]

The tenth and the last guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh, was born in Patna in 1666. With political instability in the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Murshid Quli Khan declared Bengal's independence and named himself نواب البنغال.

 
(Sitting L to R): Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha

عصر الاستعمار

انظر أيضاً: 1781 revolt in Bihar, Veer Kunwar Singh, Siege of Arrah, and Battle of Chatra

After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights (rights to administer and collect tax revenue) for Bihar, Bengal, and Odisha. The rich resources of fertile land, water, and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A number of agriculture-based industries had been started in Bihar by foreign entrepreneurs.[51] Bihar remained a part of the Bengal Presidency of British India until 1912, when Bihar and Orissa were carved out as separate provinces.

قبل وبعد الاستقلال

انظر أيضاً: 2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra and 1970 Bhojpur uprising

Farmers in Champaran had revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and 1916 (Turkaulia). In April 1917, Mahatma Gandhi visited Champaran, where Raj Kumar Shukla had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The Champaran Satyagraha that followed received support from many Bihari nationalists, such as Rajendra Prasad, Shri Krishna Sinha and Anugrah Narayan Sinha.[52][53]

In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the Kisan Sabha (peasant movement) was an important consequence of the independence movement. It began in 1929 under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who formed the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), to mobilise peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of India, culminating in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.[54]

Following independence, Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as Maharashtra, Punjab, and Assam.[55][56]


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الجغرافيا

 
ولاية بيهار
المصدر: الموسوعة العربية.[57]


 
خريطة طبوغرافية.
 
مزارع مغمورة في شمال بيهار

تضاريس بيهار لينة تتألف من سهول منبسطة وواطئة، متوسط ارتفاعاتها بحدود 75م فوق سطح البحر، تكونت من اللحقيات والطمي النهري لسهل نهر الگانج وروافده، جنوب سلاسل جبال هيمالايا، وتشغل أراضي الولاية الشمالية والشرقية. أما بقية تضاريسها فهي تلال وهضاب واطئة تشغلها تلال براجماهال ومرتفعات هضبة شوتاناگپور الداخلة في جنوبي وجنوب غربي الولاية وترتفع 200-500م وسطياً.

مناخ بيهار مداري موسمي تظهر فيه ثلاثة فصول هي الفصل الحار (آذار ـ حزيران) والفصل المطير (حزيران ـ تشرين الأول) والفصل البارد (تشرين الثاني ـ شباط). أمطارها السنوية بحدود 1000-1500 مم. والولاية غنية بمصادرها المائية كنهر الگانج الذي يخترق سهولها الشمالية من الغرب نحو الشرق، بروافده الكثيرة التي كثيراً ما تغمر السهول بمياه فيضاناتها.[57]

النبيت والوحيش

 
Bengal Tiger is main attraction at Valmiki Tiger Reserve.
 
Bauhinia acuminata, locally known as Kachnaar
 
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, The only Ramsar site in Bihar
المقالة الرئيسية: Flora of Bihar and Fauna of Bihar
انظر أيضاً: Protected areas of Bihar
للمزيد من المعلومات: Valmiki National Park and Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary

Bihar has reserved Forest area of 6,845 km2 (2,643 sq mi), which is 7.27% of its geographical area.[58] The sub-Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests, mixed with shrubs, grass and reeds. High rainfall (above 1,600 mm [63 in]) promotes forests of Sal (Shorea robusta) in these areas. Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the Saharsa and Purnia districts,[59] with common trees including Shorea robusta (sal), Diospyros melanoxylon (kendu), Boswellia serrata (salai), Terminalia tomentose (asan), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Terminalia arjuna (arjun), Pterocarpus marsupium (paisar), and Madhuca indica (mahua).

Valmiki National Park covers about 800 km2 (309 sq mi) of forest and is the 18th Tiger Reserve of India, ranked fourth in terms of density of tiger population.[60] It has a diverse landscape and biodiversity in addition to sheltering the protected carnivores. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in Bhagalpur region is a reserve for the endangered South Asian river dolphin.[58] Other species in Bihar include leopard, bear, hyena, bison, chital and barking deer. Crocodilians including gharials and muggers as well as Gangetic turtles can be found in the river systems. Karkatgarh Waterfall on Karmanasa River is a natural habitat of the crocodilians. In 2016, the government of Bihar has accepted the proposal of the forest authorities to turn the place into a Crocodile Conservation Reserve (CCR).[61] Other notable wildlife sanctuaries include Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary and Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary. Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetland of Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, Asia's largest oxbow lake and only Ramsar site in Bihar, and other notable wetlands of Baraila lake, Kusheshwar Nath Lake, Udaypur lake.[58]

الموارد الطبيعية

Bihar is the principal holder of the country's pyrite resources and possesses 95% of the resources.[62]

In May 2022, a gold mine was found in the district of Jamui.[63] It accounts for more than 44% of country's gold reserve, approximately 223 million tons.[64]

السكان

يقدر عدد سكان بيهار بأكثر من 87 مليون نسمة أي ما يعادل 7٪ من مجموع سكان الهند لعام 1995، تصل فيها الكثافة إلى أكثر من 497 نسمة/كم2، ويعيش نحو ثلاثة أرباع السكان في السهول الزراعية ووادي نهر كوسي وفي سهل بيهار الجنوبي، وتتناقص كثافة السكان باتجاه الجنوب، وهم من الهنود والبنغاليين، يتكلمون عدة لغات بلهجات كثيرة، أهمها اللغة البيهارية ـ الهندية والأوردية، والبيهارية وثيقة الصلة بالبنغالية، ويدين نحو 85٪ منهم بالهندوسية والبقية مسلمون.

ديموغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: ديموغرافية بيهار
انظر أيضاً: شعب بيهار

بيهار هي ثالث ولايات الهند اكتظاظاً بالسكان بتعداد إجمالي 82,998,509 (43,243,795 ذكر و 39,754,714 أنثى).[66][67] نحو 90 بالمائة من سكان بيهار يعيشون في مناطق قروية. ونحو 58 في المائة من البيهاريين هم تحت سن 25 عاماً، وهي أعلى نسبة في الهند. الهندوسية يعتنقها 83.2% من السكان وهي ديانة الأغلبية في الولاية.[68] الإسلام يعتنقه 16.5% من السكان, and other religions less than 0.5%.[68]

 
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الحكومة والإدارة

Bihar State Symbols [69]
طائر الولاية   India roller
حيوان الولاية   گاور
زهرة الولاية   Kanchnar
شجرة الولاية   Peepal
 
Vidhansabha Building, پاتنا
 
Patna high court, پاتنا
 
خريطة مناطق بيهار
التقسيمات        المقرات        المناطق
Bhagalpur        Bhagalpur        Banka, Bhagalpur
Darbhanga        Darbhanga        Begusarai, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Samastipur
Kosi        Saharsa        Madhepura, Saharsa, Supaul
Magadh        Gaya        Arwal, Aurangabad, Gaya, Jehanabad, Nawada
Munger        Munger        Jamui, Khagaria, Munger, Lakhisarai, Sheikhpura
Patna        باتنا        Bhojpur, Buxar, Kaimur, Patna, Rohtas, Nalanda
Purnia        Purnea        Araria, Katihar, Kishanganj, Purnia
Saran        Chapra        Gopalganj, Saran, Siwan
Tirhut        Muzaffarpur        East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Sheohar, Sitamarhi, Vaishali, West Champaran

أكبر المدن

List of largest populated cities in Bihar governed by a municipal corporation[70]
Rank City Population (2011) Rank City Population (2011)
1 Patna 1,684,222
 
11 Begusarai 252,008
 
2 Gaya 474,093
 
12 Katihar 240,838
 
3 Bhagalpur 400,146
 
13 Bettiah 237,254
 
4 Muzaffarpur 354,462
 
14 Motihari 221,646
 
5 Bihar Sharif 337,819
 
15 Saharsa 216,491
 
6 Darbhanga 296,039
 
16 Munger 213,303
 
7 Purnia 282,248
 
17 Chhapra 202,352
 
8 Sasaram 264,709
 
18 Sitamarhi 67,818
 
9 Arrah 261,430
 
19 Madhubani 164,156
 
10 Samastipur 253,136
 

Politics

المقالة الرئيسية: Politics of Bihar
انظر أيضاً: Category:Political parties in Bihar, Elections in Bihar, List of politicians from Bihar, and 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
 
Nitish Kumar (left) with Lalu Prasad Yadav (right) discussing with former Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh (centre) about flood relief operation in Bihar.

Politics of Bihar has been based on caste, since Indian independence. The important castes with political presence in Bihar includes: Yadav, Koeri, Kurmi, Rajput, Bhumihar and Brahmin. Before 1990, the politics was dominated by Forward Castes– Brahmin, Rajput, Bhumihar and Kayastha. The numerous Other Backward Class group was only given a token representation in the government. This over representation of upper castes was due to their dominance in the Indian National Congress, which dominated the politics of state for three decades after independence of India. According to political scientist, Sanjay Kumar: "using their dominant role in state's government, in the period before 1990, the Forward Castes deliberately subverted the 'land reforms', which could have helped Backward Castes and the Scheduled Castes". The upper backwards relied on Lok Dal and later Janata Dal political party for increasing their political representation. The year of 1989-90 saw the implementation of Mandal Commission's recommendation by Vishwanath Pratap Singh's government, which reserved 27% per cent seats in government jobs and educational institutions for the members of Other Backward Class. This event mobilised them against the "politics of religion" of Bhartiya Janata Party, which was backed by the Forward Castes. The leaders like Lalu Prasad Yadav and Nitish Kumar took lead in this mobilisation, and by 1990, the upper backwards– Koeri, Kurmi, Yadav became the new political elites of state.[71]

However, the tipping point of this Backward Caste unity came in 1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, when the dominant OBC castes, who were at forefront in the collective struggle against the Forward Castes, were divided into two rival political camps. While one of these camps was led by Yadavs under Janata Dal, other camp was led by Koeri and Kurmis, who assembled under Samata Party. According to Sanjay Kumar, this was the election in which the caste divide in the state was witnessed not between the Forward and Backward Castes, but between two groups of Backward Castes itself. It was this election, from which, the Forward Castes felt completely marginalised in Bihar's electoral politics and from then onwards, they didn't remain in a position to play any significant role in state's politics.[72]

By 2004, The Economist magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".[73] In 2005, the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous" because of "persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".[74] اعتبارا من 2023 there are two main political formations: the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which comprises Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party (RLJP); and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) between Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), Hindustani Awam Morcha, Rashtriya Lok Samta Party, Janata Dal (United) (JDU) and Indian National Congress (INC). There are many other political formations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened.[75] The Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) and CPM and All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) have a minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties.[76]

Nitish Kumar has been chief minister of Bihar for 13 years between 2005 and 2020. In contrast to prior governments, which emphasised divisions of caste and religion, his political platform was based on economic development, reduction of crime and corruption, and greater social equality. Since 2010, the government confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeployed them as school buildings.[77] They also introduced Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.[78] It also legislated a two-hour lunch break on Fridays, to enable Muslim employees to pray and thereby reduce absenteeism.[79] The government has prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol in the state since March 2016,[80] which has been linked to a drop in tourism[81] and a rise in substance abuse.[82]

الاقتصاد

تعد بيهار إحدى الولايات الريفية في الهند. ترتفع فيها نسبة الريفيين والعاملين في القطاع الاقتصادي الأول إلى 85٪ من السكان تقريباً، يعيشون في قرى وبلدات منتشرة في كل مكان تقريباً، يعملون في الزراعة وتربية الحيوانات. أما مدن بيهار فأكبرها مدينة باتنه Patna عاصمة الولاية وسكانها نحو مليون نسمة، ثم مدن بهاغالبور ورانشي وغايا وبوكارو وجمشيدپور. وتنتقل عاصمة الولاية إلى رانشي في الفصل الحار.

تنتج بيهار الكثير من المحصولات الزراعية أهمها الأرز والذرة والقمح والشعير والخضراوات والمحاصيل الصناعية مثل قصب السكر والتبغ. كما تسهم بنحو 40٪ من إنتاج الهند من المعادن والثروات الباطنية. أهمها النحاس والحديد والبوكسيت والفوسفات والكايينيت وغيرها. وتقوم في الولاية صناعات كثيرة منها صناعة الحديد والأسمدة والإسمنت والزجاج وتجهيزات الآلات والحرير والجوت، وكذلك الصناعات الغذائية والبتروكيمياوية التي تعتمد النفط المنتج في ولاية أسام.

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المصادر

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