المعرفة

نظام معاهدة أنتارتيكا

(تم التحويل من Antarctic Treaty System)

نظام معاهدة أنتارتيكا Antarctic Treaty والاتفاقيات ذات الصلة، تُعرَف جمعاً بإسم نظام معاهدة أنتارتيكا (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and currently has 54 parties.[2] The treaty sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes freedom of scientific investigation, and bans military activity on the continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. Since September 2004, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat headquarters has been located in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[3]

Antarctic Treaty System
The Antarctic Treaty
فرنسية: Traité sur l'Antarctique
روسية: Договор об Антарктике
إسپانية: Tratado Antártico
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Flag of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat
النوعCondominium
التوقيعDecember 1, 1959[1]
المكانWashington, D.C., United States
تاريخ السريانJune 23, 1961
الحالةRatification of all 12 signatories
الموقعون12[2]
الأطراف54[2]
المودع لديهFederal government of the United States[2]
اللغاتEnglish, French, Russian, and Spanish
Antarctic Treaty في معرفة المصادر
A satellite composite image of Antarctica.
معاهدات الملكية الدولية
نظام معاهدات القارة القطبية الجنوبية
قانون البحار
معاهدة الفضاء الخارجي
معاهدة القمر
المياه الدولية
Extraterrestrial real estate

The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961.[4] The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58. The twelve countries that had significant interests in Antarctica at the time were: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[1] These countries had established over 55 Antarctic stations for the IGY. The treaty was a diplomatic expression of the operational and scientific co-operation that had been achieved "on the ice".

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التاريخ

النزاعات الدولية

Various international conflicts motivated the creation of an agreement for the Antarctic.[5] After the Second World War, the U.S. considered establishing a claim in Antarctica. From August 26, 1946, and until the beginning of 1947, Operation Highjump was carried out, the largest military expeditionary force that the United States has sent to Antarctica to the present, consisting of 13 ships, 4700 men and numerous aerial devices.[6] Its goals were to train military personnel and test material in conditions of extreme cold for an eventual war in the Antarctic.


الأطراف

 
Map of research stations and territorial claims in Antarctica (2002)

As of 2019, there are 54 states party to the treaty,[2] 29 of which, including all 12 original signatories to the treaty, have consultative (voting) status.[7] The consultative members include the 7 countries that claim portions of Antarctica as their territory. The 47 non-claimant nations either do not recognize the claims of others, or have not stated their positions. 40 parties to the Antarctic Treaty have also ratified the "Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty".[8]

 
  Parties with consulting status making a claim to Antarctic territory
  Parties with consulting status reserving the right to make a territorial claim
  Other parties with consulting status
  Parties without consulting status
  Non-party UN member states and observers
Country[2][7][9][10] Signature Ratification/
Accession 		Consultative
status[7][10] 		Notes
  الأرجنتين (claim)* Dec 1, 1959 Jun 23, 1961 Jun 23, 1961
  أستراليا (claim) Dec 1, 1959 Jun 23, 1961 Jun 23, 1961
  النمسا No Aug 25, 1987
  بلاروس No Dec 27, 2006
  بلجيكا Dec 1, 1959 Jul 26, 1960 Jun 23, 1961
  البرازيل No May 16, 1975 Sep 27, 1983
  بلغاريا No Sep 11, 1978 Jun 5, 1998
  كندا No May 4, 1988
  تشيلي (claim)* Dec 1, 1959 Jun 23, 1961 Jun 23, 1961
  الصين No Jun 8, 1983 Oct 7, 1985
  كولومبيا No Jan 31, 1989
  كوبا No Aug 16, 1984
  التشيك No Jan 1, 1993 Apr 1, 2014 Succession from   تشيكوسلوڤاكيا, which acceded on June 14, 1962.[11]
  الدنمارك No May 20, 1965
  الإكوادور No Sep 15, 1987 Nov 19, 1990
  إستونيا No May 17, 2001
  فنلندا No May 15, 1984 Oct 20, 1989
  فرنسا (claim) Dec 1, 1959 Sep 16, 1960 Jun 23, 1961
  ألمانيا (not formally claimed) No Feb 5, 1979 Mar 3, 1981 Ratified as   ألمانيا الغربية.

  ألمانيا الشرقية also acceded on November 19, 1974, and received consultative status on October 5, 1987, prior to its reunification with West Germany.[10][12]

  اليونان No Jan 8, 1987
  گواتيمالا No Jul 31, 1991
  المجر No Jan 27, 1984
  آيسلندا No Oct 13, 2015[13]
  الهند No Aug 19, 1983 Sep 12, 1983
  إيطاليا No Mar 18, 1981 Oct 5, 1987
  اليابان (not formally claimed) Dec 1, 1959 Aug 4, 1960 Jun 23, 1961
  قزخستان No Jan 27, 2015
  ماليزيا No Oct 31, 2011
  موناكو No May 31, 2008
  منغوليا No Mar 23, 2015
  هولندا No Mar 30, 1967 Nov 19, 1990
  نيوزيلندا (claim) Dec 1, 1959 Nov 1, 1960 Jun 23, 1961
  كوريا الشمالية No Jan 21, 1987
  النرويج (claim) Dec 1, 1959 Aug 24, 1960 Jun 23, 1961
  پاكستان No Mar 1, 2012
  پاپوا غينيا الجديدة No Mar 16, 1981 Succession from   أستراليا. Effective from their independence on September 16, 1975.[14]
  پيرو No Apr 10, 1981 Oct 9, 1989
  پولندا No Jun 8, 1961 Jul 29, 1977
  الپرتغال No Jan 29, 2010
  رومانيا No Sep 15, 1971
  روسيا** Dec 1, 1959 Nov 2, 1960 Jun 23, 1961 Ratified as the   الاتحاد السوڤيتي.[15]
  سلوڤاكيا No January 1, 1993 Succession from   تشيكوسلوڤاكيا, which acceded on June 14, 1962.[16]
  سلوڤنيا No April 22, 2019
  جنوب أفريقيا[17] Dec 1, 1959 Jun 21, 1960 Jun 23, 1961
  كوريا الجنوبية No Nov 28, 1986 Oct 9, 1989
  إسپانيا No Mar 31, 1982 Sep 21, 1988
  السويد No Apr 24, 1984 Sep 21, 1988
  سويسرا No Nov 15, 1990
  تركيا No Jan 24, 1996
  أوكرانيا No Oct 28, 1992 Jun 4, 2004
  المملكة المتحدة (claim)* Dec 1, 1959 May 31, 1960 Jun 23, 1961
  الولايات المتحدة** Dec 1, 1959 Aug 18, 1960 Jun 23, 1961
  أوروگواي No Jan 11, 1980 Oct 7, 1985
  ڤنزويلا No May 24, 1999

* Has an overlapping claim with another one or two claimants.
** Reserved the right to make a claim.


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سكرتارية معاهدة أنتارتيكا

المقالة الرئيسية: سكرتارية معاهدة أنتارتيكا

The Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina in September 2004 by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM). Jan Huber (Netherlands) served as the first Executive Secretary for five years until August 31, 2009. He was succeeded on September 1, 2009, by Manfred Reinke (Germany).

The tasks of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat can be divided into the following areas:

  • Supporting the annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) and the meeting of the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP).
  • Facilitating the exchange of information between the Parties required in the Treaty and the Environment Protocol.
  • Collecting, storing, arranging and publishing the documents of the ATCM.
  • Providing and disseminating public information about the Antarctic Treaty system and Antarctic activities.


انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب "Antarctic Treaty" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 439.
  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "Antarctic Treaty". United States Department of State. أبريل 22, 2019. Retrieved يونيو 30, 2019.
  3. ^ "ATS – Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty". ats.aq.
  4. ^ "Antarctic Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. United Nations. Retrieved مارس 28, 2018.
  5. ^ Orrego Vicuna, Francisco (1986). "Antarctic Conflict and International Cooperation". Antarctic Treaty System: An Assessment: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica, January 7–13, 1985. Washington: National Academy Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780309036405.
  6. ^ Antarctic Treaty System : an Assessment : Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica, January 7–13, 1985. National Research Council (U.S.). Polar Research Board., National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1986. ISBN 0-585-26158-X. OCLC 45730572.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ أ ب ت "Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty: Parties". Retrieved مايو 23, 2009.
  8. ^ "Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty". United States Department of State. أكتوبر 27, 2017. Retrieved يونيو 30, 2019.
  9. ^ "Antarctic Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved مارس 12, 2014.
  10. ^ أ ب ت "The Antarctic Treaty System: Introduction" (PDF). United States Department of State. Retrieved مارس 12, 2014.
  11. ^ "Czech Republic: Succession to Antarctic Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved مارس 12, 2014.
  12. ^ "Germany: Accession to Antarctic Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved مارس 13, 2014.
  13. ^ Johnstone, Rachael Lorna; Jabour, Julia; Tamm, Sune (ديسمبر 8, 2018). "Iceland's Accession to the Antarctic Treaty". The Yearbook of Polar Law Online. 9 (1): 262–281. doi:10.1163/22116427_009010012. ISSN 2211-6427.
  14. ^ "Papua New Guinea: Succession to Antarctic Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved مارس 13, 2014.
  15. ^ "Russia: Ratification to Antarctic Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved مارس 13, 2014.
  16. ^ "Slovakia: Succession to Antarctic Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved مارس 13, 2014.
  17. ^ "Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)". Department of International Relations and Cooperation. Retrieved أكتوبر 5, 2010.

وصلات خارجية

 
 اقرأ نصاً ذا علاقة في

The Antarctic Treaty


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