نيقولايڤسك على الآمور
نيقولايڤسك على الآمور (روسية: Никола́евск-на-Аму́ре, Nikolayevsk-na-Amure؛ إنگليزية: Nikolayevsk-on-Amur) هي بلدة في كراي خبروڤسك، روسيا تقع على نهر الآمور بالقرب من هور مصبه في المحيط الهادي. التعداد: 22,752 (تعداد 2010);[2] 28,492 (تعداد 2002);[9] 36,296 (تعداد 1989).[10] نسمة.
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
Николаевск-на-Амуре | |
|---|---|
_new.png) Flag _(2002).png) Coat of arms | |
Location of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur  | |
  Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Location of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Nikolayevsk-on-Amur (روسيا) | |
| الإحداثيات: 53°08′N 140°44′E / 53.133°N 140.733°ECoordinates: 53°08′N 140°44′E / 53.133°N 140.733°E | |
| البلد | روسيا |
| الكيان الاتحادي | Khabarovsk Krai[1] |
| Founded | 13 August 1850 |
| Town status since | 1856 |
| الحكومة | |
| • Head | Pyotr Volynsky |
| المنسوب | 30 m (100 ft) |
| التعداد | |
| • الإجمالي | 22٬752 |
| • Subordinated to | town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur[1] |
| • Capital of | town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur[3], Nikolayevsky District[4] |
| • Municipal district | Nikolayevsky Municipal District[5] |
| • Urban settlement | Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Urban Settlement[5] |
| • Capital of | Nikolayevsky Municipal District[6], Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Urban Settlement |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC+ ([7]) |
| Postal code(s)[8] | 682460 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 42135 |
| OKTMO ID | 08631101001 |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
الجغرافيا
تقع البلدة على الضفة اليسرى لنهر الآمور، على بعد 80 كم من مصبه، وعلى بعد 977 كم شمال خبروڤسك و 582 كم من محطة سكك حديد كومسومولسك على الآمور. وهي أقرب تجمع سكني بارز إلى مضيق تارتاري الذي يفصل البر الرئيسي عن سخالين.
التاريخ
العصور الوسطى ومطلع التاريخ الحديث
In the late Middle Ages, the people living along the lower course of the Amur (Nivkh, Oroch, Evenki) were collectively known in China as the "wild Jurchen". The Yuan Dynasty Mongols sent expeditions to this area with an eye toward using the region as a base for attack on Japan, or for defending against the Sakhalin Ainus. According to the History of Yuan, in 1264 the Nivkhs recognized the Mongol sovereignty. In 1263, the Mongols set up the "Command Post of the Marshal of the Eastern Campaign" near the modern settlement of Tyr, some 100 kilometers (62 mi) upstream from today's Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. At roughly the same time, a shrine was built on the Tyr Rock.[11][12]
From 1411 to 1433, the Ming eunuch Yishiha, a man of Haixi Jurchen origin, led four large missions to win over the allegiance of the "Jurchen" tribes along the Sunggari and Amur Rivers. During this time, the Yongning Temple was constructed at Tyr, and stelae with inscriptions erected.[11]
الفترة الروسية
The Russian settlement, likely preceded by the Manchu village of Fuyori,[13] was founded as Nikolayevsky Post by Gennady Nevelskoy on 13 August 1850[بحاجة لمصدر] and named for Tsar Nicholas I.[14]
The settlement quickly became one of the main economic centres on the Pacific coast of the Russian Empire. It became Russia's main Pacific harbour (replacing Petropavlovsk) in 1855 after the Siege of Petropavlovsk of 1854. It was granted town status and renamed Nikolayevsk-on-Amur in 1856, when Primorskaya Oblast was established.[بحاجة لمصدر] Admiral Vasily Zavoyko supervised the construction of a naval base in Nikolayevsk-on-Amur.
The town emerged as an important commercial harbour; however, due to navigational difficulties caused by the sandbanks in the Amur estuary and because sea ice made the harbour unusable for five months each year, the main Russian shipping activities in the Pacific transferred to the better situated Vladivostok in the early 1870s. The town remained the administrative centre of this region until 1880, when the governor relocated to Khabarovsk. Anton Chekhov, visiting the town on his journey to Sakhalin in 1890, noted its rapid depopulation, although this trend slowed somewhat in the late 1890s with the discovery of gold and the establishment of salmon fisheries.
During the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922 the town's population plummeted from 15,000 to 2,000, as a local partisan leader, later executed by the same Bolsheviks he was supposed to be aligned with, razed the entire town to the ground and massacred the minority Japanese population along with most of the Russian population.
Around 1940 a prison camp of the gulag system was located in the town.[15]
Like many other places in the Russian Far East, the town has seen a drop in population since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, dropping from 36,296 inhabitants recorded in the (1989 Census),[10] to only 22,772 in 2010.[2]
الوضع الاداري والبلدي
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Nikolayevsk-on-Amur serves as the administrative center of Nikolayevsky District,[3] even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the town of krai significance of Nikolayevsk-na-Amure is incorporated within Nikolayevsky Municipal District as Nikolayevsk-na-Amure Urban Settlement.[5]
الاقتصاد
Fishing and fish processing are the main industries of the town, along with ship maintenance and some agricultural production in the surrounding area.
النقل
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur has no land transport connections. Traffic to and from the town enters via the port on the Amur, or the small airport, namely Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Airport (IATA: NLI), which is home to Nikolaevsk-Na-Amure Air Enterprise.
المناخ
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur has a borderline humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), almost cold enough to be a subarctic climate (Dfc). Precipitation is not as low in the winter as over most of Siberia since the coast in on the fringe of influence from the Aleutian Low. The near-maritime location only marginally—by 5 °C (9.0 °F)—moderates the winters compared to interior Siberia, but makes the summers noticeably cool (especially in May and June) though the Oyashio fogs are less prevalent than on Sakhalin itself and sunshine hours therefore rather longer.
| بيانات مناخ نيقولايڤسك على الآمور (1981–2010, القصوى 1881–الحاضر) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 0.3 (32.5) |
5.7 (42.3) |
11.9 (53.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
34.3 (93.7) |
34.1 (93.4) |
35.3 (95.5) |
28.9 (84) |
22.5 (72.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
2.8 (37) |
35٫3 (95٫5) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -17.5 (0.5) |
-13.7 (7.3) |
-5.6 (21.9) |
2.9 (37.2) |
10.5 (50.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
-6.1 (21) |
-15.5 (4.1) |
3٫3 (37٫9) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | -21.8 (-7.2) |
-19.0 (-2.2) |
-11.6 (11.1) |
-2.1 (28.2) |
5.0 (41) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
16.1 (61) |
10.6 (51.1) |
2.0 (35.6) |
-10.3 (13.5) |
-19.4 (-2.9) |
−1٫7 (28٫9) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -25.6 (-14.1) |
-23.4 (-10.1) |
-16.9 (1.6) |
-6.4 (20.5) |
0.9 (33.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
12.2 (54) |
11.8 (53.2) |
6.3 (43.3) |
-1.6 (29.1) |
-14.0 (6.8) |
-22.9 (-9.2) |
−6٫0 (21٫2) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -47.2 (-53) |
-45.9 (-50.6) |
-37.6 (-35.7) |
-28.8 (-19.8) |
-11.9 (10.6) |
-3.8 (25.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
0.6 (33.1) |
-6.0 (21.2) |
-25.1 (-13.2) |
-34.0 (-29.2) |
-44.2 (-47.6) |
−47٫2 (−53) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 42 (1.65) |
29 (1.14) |
33 (1.3) |
32 (1.26) |
53 (2.09) |
50 (1.97) |
60 (2.36) |
83 (3.27) |
82 (3.23) |
89 (3.5) |
60 (2.36) |
48 (1.89) |
660 (25٫98) |
| % Humidity | 76 | 76 | 74 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 81 | 83 | 82 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 |
| Avg. rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 5 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 19 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 104 |
| Avg. snowy days | 17 | 17 | 18 | 16 | 9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 21 | 19 | 129 |
| Sunshine hours | 129 | 160 | 232 | 209 | 233 | 234 | 238 | 204 | 184 | 143 | 132 | 94 | 2٬192 |
| Source #1: pogoda.ru.net[16] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[17] | |||||||||||||
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
معرض صور
ادارة الميناء
Air port 2015g built
Airport 2015g built
The mass grave of 3 officers of the 16th Army who died in the line of duty, with a tombstone
View from the square
City square
Mail building 1905g built
Stone Temple
Cinema Modern is now a museum named after V.E.Rozov
Cinema Rodina
The Seamen's Club is now a grocery store.
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Mayak
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur view from the ski resort
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur night view of Lunacharskogo street
Monument of GI Nevelsky on the waterfront
Monument of the 7th crew of the Maritime College
Monument to a non-stop flight
المراجع
الهامش
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Resolution #143-pr, Article 3
- ^ أ ب ت Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved يونيو 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ أ ب قالب:OKATO reference
- ^ قالب:OKATO reference
- ^ أ ب ت Law #191
- ^ Law #264
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). يونيو 3, 2011. Retrieved يناير 19, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (مايو 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved يوليو 25, 2008.
{{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ أ ب "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]][[Category:Lang and lang-xx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|ru]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved ديسمبر 13, 2007.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ أ ب В. Ц. Головачёв (V. Ts. Golovachеv), "Тырские стелы и храм «Юн Нин» в свете китайско-чжурчжэньских отношений XIV-XV вв." Archived فبراير 23, 2009 at the Wayback Machine (ййThe Tyr stelae and the Yongning Temple viewed in as an aspect of Sino-Jurchen relationsйй), Etno-zhurnal, November 14, 2008.
- ^ Объекты туризма — Археологические. Тырские храмы Archived سبتمبر 3, 2009 at the Wayback Machine (Regional government site explaining the location of the Tyr (Telin) temples: just south of the Tyr village)
- ^ [1]
- ^
Mote, Victor L. (1998). Siberia: Worlds Apart. Westview series on the post-Soviet republics. Vol. 5. Westview Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780813312989. Retrieved يونيو 20, 2015.
When they unfurled a Russian flag at the mouth of the Amur and christened the site Nikolayevsk in the tsar's honor, Nevel'skoy and Murav'yev aroused a storm of protest [...]
- ^ "Nikolayevsky-ITL on the website of Memorial (German)". Archived from the original on سبتمبر 27, 2007. Retrieved يناير 5, 2009.
- ^ "Климат Николаевска-на-Амуре". Погода и климат. Archived from the original on ديسمبر 3, 2019. Retrieved ديسمبر 3, 2019.
- ^ "Nikolaevsk-on-Amur Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved ديسمبر 3, 2019.
المصادر
وصلات خارجية
- Nikolayevsk-na-Amure على موسوعة بريتانيكا
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)
