المعرفة

كنتكي

هذا المقال هو عن the U.S. state. إذا كنت تريد the river، انظر Kentucky River. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر كنتكي (توضيح).

كنتكي ( Kentucky ؛ الأمريكي /kənˈtʌki/ kən-TUK-ee، UK /kɛnʔ/ ken-)،[5] ورسمياً هي كومنولث كنتكي،[note 2] هي إحدى الولايات الجبيسة في المنطقة الجنوبية الشرقية في الولايات المتحدة. تحد كنتكي إلينوي وإنديانا و أوهايو إلى الشَمال منها، ڤرجينيا الغربية إلى الشمال الشرقي وڤرجينيا إلى الشرق، وتنسي إلى الجنوب، ومزوري إلى الغرب. وحدها الشمالي هو نهر أوهايو. عاصمتها هي فرانكفورت وأكبر مدنها لوي‌ڤل. وفي 2020، كان عدد سكان كنتكي يناهز 4.5 مليون نسمة.[2]

Kentucky
ولاية
Commonwealth of Kentucky
علم Kentucky
Flag
الختم الرسمي لـ Kentucky
Seal
الكنية: 
The Bluegrass State
الشعار: 
United we stand, divided we fall
Deo gratiam habeamus
(Let us be grateful to God)
النشيد: My Old Kentucky Home
خريطة الولايات المتحدة، موضح فيها Kentucky
خريطة الولايات المتحدة، موضح فيها Kentucky
البلدالولايات المتحدة
قبل الولائيةPart of Virginia (District of Kentucky)
انضمت للاتحادJune 1, 1792 (15th)
العاصمةFrankfort
أكبر مدينةLouisville
أكبر منطقة عمرانيةLouisville
الحكومة
 • الحاكمAndy Beshear (D)
 • نائب الحاكمJacqueline Coleman (D)
المجلس التشريعيKentucky General Assembly
 • المجلس العلويSenate
 • المجلس السفلىHouse of Representatives
القضاءKentucky Supreme Court
سناتورات الولايات المتحدةMitch McConnell (R)
Rand Paul (R)
وفد مجلس النواب5 Republicans
1 Democrat (القائمة)
المساحة
 • الإجمالي40٬408 ميل² (104٬656 كم²)
 • البر39٬486 ميل² (102٬269 كم²)
 • الماء921 ميل² (2٬387 كم²)  2.2%
ترتيب المساحة37th
الأبعاد
 • الطول397 mi (640 km)
 • العرض187 mi (302 km)
المنسوب
750 ft (230 m)
أعلى منسوب
(Black Mountain[1][note 1])
4٬145 ft (1٬265 m)
أوطى منسوب
(Mississippi River at Kentucky Bend[1][note 1])
250 ft (78 m)
التعداد
 (2020)
 • الإجمالي4٬509٬342[2]
 • الترتيب26th
 • الكثافة110/sq mi (42٫5/km2)
 • ترتيب الكثافة23rd
 • الدخل الأوسط للأسرة
$52٬295[3]
 • ترتيب الدخل
44th
صفة المواطنKentuckian
اللغة
 • اللغة الرسميةEnglish[4]
منطقة التوقيت
eastern halfUTC−05:00 (Eastern)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
western halfUTC−06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (CDT)
اختصار البريد
KY
ISO 3166 codeUS-KY
الاختصار التقليديKy
خط العرض36° 30′ N to 39° 09′ N
خط الطول81° 58′ W to 89° 34′ W
الموقع الإلكترونيkentucky.gov
رموز ولاية Kentucky
Flag of Kentucky.svg
The علم Kentucky
Seal of Kentucky.svg
The ختم Kentucky
الشارات الحية
الطائرCardinal
الفراشةViceroy butterfly
الحيوان البريGray squirrel
السمكةKentucky spotted bass
الزهرةGoldenrod
سلالة الخيولThoroughbred
الحشرةWestern honeybee
الشجرةTulip poplar
الشارات الجامدة
المشروبMilk
الرقصةClogging
الطعامBlackberry
الأحفورةBrachiopod
الحجر الكريمFreshwater pearl
المعدنCoal
الصخرةKentucky agate
الشعارKentucky Unbridled Spirit
التربةCrider Soil Series
غيرهمChevrolet Corvette (state sports car)
State route marker
Kentucky state route marker
State quarter
Kentucky quarter dollar coin
Released in 2001
قوائم رموز الولايات الأمريكية

Kentucky was admitted into the Union as the 15th state on June 1, 1792, splitting from Virginia in the process.[6] It is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on Kentucky bluegrass, a species of green grass introduced by European settlers for the purpose of grazing in pastures, which has supported the thoroughbred horse industry in the center of the state.[7]

Historically, Kentucky had excellent farming conditions, which led to the development of large tobacco plantations similar to those in Virginia and North Carolina in the central and western parts of the state that utilized enslaved labor during the Antebellum South and Civil War periods. Kentucky ranks fifth nationally in goat farming, eight in beef cattle production,[8] and 14th in corn production.[9] While Kentucky has been a long-standing major center for the tobacco industry, the state's economy has diversified in multiple non-agricultural sectors, including auto manufacturing, energy fuel production, and medical facilities.[10] The state ranks 4th among US states in the number of automobiles and trucks assembled.[11] Kentucky is one of several states considered a part of the Upland South.

The state is home to the world's longest cave system in Mammoth Cave National Park, the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States, and the two largest artificial lakes east of the Mississippi River. Cultural aspects of Kentucky include horse racing, bourbon, moonshine, coal, My Old Kentucky Home State Park, automobile manufacturing, tobacco, southern cuisine, barbecue, bluegrass music, college basketball, Louisville Slugger baseball bats, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and the Kentucky Colonel.

في عام 1792 أصبحت الولاية رقم 15 التي تنظم للولايات المتحدة الأمريكة. تحتل ولاية كنتكي المرتبة رقم 37 بين الولايات الأمريكية من حيث المساحة. عاصمتها فرانكفورت وهي مدينة صغيرة. أكبر مدنها لويفل وتشتهر مدينة لوي‌ڤل بأنها تحتضن أشهر سباق خيل في أمريكا.

إحدى ولايات جنوبي الولايات المتحدة. وقد ظل اسمها عهدًا طويلاً رمزاً للتبغ الوفير وخيول السباق الممتازة. وتتجه الأنظار في كل البلاد في شهر مايو من كل عام إلى سباق خيول ديربي كنتاكي. تعد كنتاكي من أهم الولايات المنتجة لتبغ البرلي (تبغ أمريكي رقيق الأوراق) والفحم الحجري. يكمن معظم احتياطي الولايات المتحدة من الذهب في أقبية تحت الأرض في فورت نوكس بمدينة فرانكفورت عاصمة الولاية.

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أصل الاسم

In the late 18th century, prior to 1769, Botetourt and successor counties of the Colony of Virginia, whose geographical extent was south of the Ohio/Allegheny rivers beyond the Appalachian Mountains, became known to European Americans as Kentucky (or Kentucke) country. It was named for the Kentucky River, a tributary of the Ohio River in east central Kentucky.[12]

The precise etymology of the name is uncertain.[13] One theory sees the word based on an Iroquoian name meaning "(on) the meadow" or "(on) the prairie"[14][15] (cf. Mohawk kenhtà:ke, Seneca gëdá'geh (phonemic /kɛ̃taʔkɛh/), "at the field").[16] Another theory suggests a derivation from the term Kenta Aki, which could have come from an Algonquian language, in particular from Shawnee. Folk etymology translates this as "Land of Our Fathers". The closest approximation in another Algonquian language, Ojibwe, translates as "Land of Our In-Laws", thus making a fairer English translation "The Land of Those Who Became Our Fathers".[17] In any case, the word aki means "land" in most Algonquian languages.


التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: History of Kentucky

Native American settlement

The first archaeological evidence of human occupation of Kentucky is approximately 9500BCE, and it was Clovis culture, primitive hunter-gatherers with stone tools. Around 1800 BCE, a gradual transition began from a hunter-gatherer economy to agriculturalism. Around 900 CE, a Mississippian culture took root in western and central Kentucky; by contrast, a Fort Ancient culture appeared in eastern Kentucky. While the two had many similarities, the distinctive ceremonial earthwork mounds constructed in the former's centers were not part of the culture of the latter. Fort Ancient settlements depended largely on corn, beans, and squash, and practiced a system of agriculture that prevented ecological degradation by rotating crops, burning sections of forest to create ideal habitat for wild game, relocating villages every 10–30 years, and continually shifting the location of fields to maintain plots of land in various stages of ecological succession.[18]

In about the 10th century, the Kentucky native people's variety of corn became highly productive, supplanting the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and replaced it with a maize-based agriculture in the Mississippian era. As of the 16th century, what became Kentucky was home to tribes from diverse linguistic groups. The Kispoko, an Algonquian-speaking tribe controlled much of the interior of the state.[19]

French explorers in the 17th century documented numerous tribes living in Kentucky until the Beaver Wars in the 1670s; however, by the time that European colonial explorers and settlers began entering Kentucky in greater numbers in the mid-18th century, there were no major Native American settlements in the region.

The Chickasaw had territory up to the confluence of Mississippi and Ohio rivers. During a period known as the Beaver Wars (1640–1680), another Algonquian tribe called the Maumee, or Mascouten was chased out of southern Michigan.[20] The vast majority of them moved to Kentucky, pushing the Kispoko east and war broke out with the Tutelo of North Carolina and Virginia that pushed them further north and east. The Maumee were closely related to the Miami from Indiana. Later, the Kispoko merged with the Shawnee, who migrated from the east and the Ohio River valley.

Early explorations: the discovery of Kentucky

انظر أيضاً: Kentucke's Frontiers

European explorers arrived in Kentucky possibly as early as 1671. While French explorers surely spied Kentucky during expeditions on the Mississippi, there is no evidence French or Spanish explorers set foot in the lands south of the Ohio, notwithstanding speculations about Hernando de Soto and Robert de la Salle. The terrain in those days was not surveyed, so there is some uncertainty whether and to what extent the early English explorers out of Virginia set foot on the land. Confounding the issue is that the region south of the Ohio/Allegheny later known as Kentucke country was larger than the state of Kentucky today, encompassing most of today's West Virginia and (vaguely) part of southwestern Pennsylvania.[21] Notable expeditions were Batts and Fallam 1671, Needham and Arthur 1673.[22] Dr. Thomas Walker and surveyor Christopher Gist surveyed the area now known as Kentucky in 1750 and 1751.

European settlement: The Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1768

للمزيد من المعلومات: Transylvania Colony, Lord Dunmore's War, and Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)
انظر أيضاً: Indian Reserve (1763)

As more settlers entered the area, warfare broke out with the Native Americans over their traditional hunting grounds.[23]

June 16, 1774, James Harrod founded Harrod's Town (modern Harrodsburg). The settlement was abandoned during the conflict period of Dunmore's War, and resettled in March 1775, becoming the first permanent European settlement in Kentucky. It was followed within months by Boone's Station, Logan's Fort and Lexington before Kentucky was organized.

This period was the time of Daniel Boone's legendary expeditions starting in 1767 through the Cumberland Gap and down the Kentucky River to reach the bluegrass heartland of Kentucky.

While the Cherokee did not settle in Kentucky, they hunted there. They relinquished their hunting rights there in an extra-legal private contract with speculator Richard Henderson called Treaty of Sycamore Shoals in 1775.[24]

Kentucky County and the Cherokee-American wars

للمزيد من المعلومات: Kentucky County, Virginia; Cherokee-American wars; Fort Nelson (Kentucky); and History of Louisville, Kentucky

On December 31, 1776, by an act of the Virginia General Assembly, the portion of Fincastle County west of the Big Sandy River (including today's Tug Fork tributary) terminating at the North Carolina border (today Tennessee) extending to the Mississippi River, previously most of what was known as Kentucky (or Kentucke) country, was split off into its own county of Kentucky. Harrod's Town (Oldtown as it was known at the time) was named the county seat.

A 1790 U.S. government report states that 1,500 Kentucky settlers had been killed by Native Americans since the end of the Revolutionary War.[25]

Statehood

 
In 1942 the U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of Kentucky statehood, a 3-cent 1942 issue

The county was subdivided into Jefferson, Lincoln and Fayette Counties in 1780, but continued to be administered as the District of Kentucky even as new counties were split off.

On several occasions the region's residents petitioned the General Assembly and the Confederation Congress for separation from Virginia and statehood. Ten constitutional conventions were held in Danville between 1784 and 1792. One petition, which had Virginia's assent, came before the Confederation Congress in early July 1788. Unfortunately, its consideration came up a day after word of New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus establishing it as the new framework of governance for the United States. In light of this development, Congress thought that it would be "unadvisable" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation" only, but not "under the Constitution", and so declined to take action.[26]

On December 18, 1789, Virginia again gave its consent to Kentucky statehood. The United States Congress gave its approval on February 4, 1791.[27] (This occurred two weeks before Congress approved Vermont's petition for statehood.[28]) Kentucky officially became the fifteenth state in the Union on June 1, 1792. Isaac Shelby, a military veteran from Virginia, was elected its first Governor.[29]

Post-colonial plantation economy

 
Abraham Lincoln Birthplace near Hodgenville
انظر أيضاً: History of slavery in Kentucky

Central Kentucky, the bluegrass region, as well as western Kentucky, were the areas of the state with the most slave owners. Planters cultivated tobacco and hemp (see Hemp in Kentucky) on plantations with the use of enslaved labor, and were noted for their quality livestock. During the 19th century, Kentucky slaveholders began to sell unneeded slaves to the Deep South, with Louisville becoming a major slave market and departure port for slaves being transported downriver.

The Civil War

المقالة الرئيسية: Border states (American Civil War) and Kentucky in the American Civil War

Kentucky was one of the Southern border states during the American Civil War, and it remained neutral within the Union.[30] Despite this, representatives from 68 of 110 counties met at Russellville calling themselves the "Convention of the People of Kentucky" and passed an Ordinance of Secession on November 20, 1861.[31] They established a Confederate government of Kentucky with its capital in Bowling Green, and Kentucky was officially admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861, as the 13th Confederate state with full recognition in Richmond.[32] The Confederate shadow government was never popularly elected statewide, though 116 delegates were sent representing 68 Kentucky counties which at the time made up a little over half the territory of the Commonwealth to the Russellville Convention in 1861, and were occupied and governed by the Confederacy at some point in the duration of the war, and Kentucky had full representation within the Confederate Government. Although Confederate forces briefly controlled Frankfort, they were expelled by Union forces before a Confederate government could be installed in the state capital. After the expulsion of Confederate forces after the Battle of Perryville, this government operated in-exile. Though it existed throughout the war, Kentucky's provisional government only had governing authority in areas of Kentucky under direct Confederate control and had very little effect on the events in the Commonwealth or in the war once they were driven out of the state.

Kentucky remained officially "neutral" throughout the war[بحاجة لمصدر] due to the Southern Unionists sympathies of a majority of the Commonwealth's citizens who were split between the struggle of Kentucky's sister Southern States fully in the Confederate States of America and a continued loyalty to the Unionist cause that was prevalent in other areas of the South such as in East Tennessee, West Virginia, Western North Carolina, and others. Despite this, some 21st-century Kentuckians observe Confederate Memorial Day on Confederate leader Jefferson Davis' birthday, June 3, and participate in Confederate battle re-enactments.[33][34] Both Davis and U.S. president Abraham Lincoln were born in Kentucky. John C. Breckinridge, the 14th and youngest-ever Vice President was born in Lexington, Kentucky at Cabell's Dale Farm. Breckenridge was expelled from the U. S. Senate for his support of the Confederacy.

Henry W. Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, coined the term New South in 1874, urging transformation from an agrarian economy to a modern industrial one.


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Reconstruction and the New South

انظر أيضاً: Hatfield-McCoy feud

On January 30, 1900, Governor William Goebel, flanked by two bodyguards, was mortally wounded by an assassin while walking to the State Capitol in downtown Frankfort. Goebel was contesting the Kentucky gubernatorial election of 1899, which William S. Taylor was initially believed to have won. For several months, J. C. W. Beckham, Goebel's running mate, and Taylor fought over who was the legal governor until the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in May in favor of Beckham. After fleeing to Indiana, Taylor was indicted as a co-conspirator in Goebel's assassination. Goebel is the only governor of a U.S. state to have been assassinated while in office.[35]

The Black Patch Tobacco Wars, a vigilante action, occurred in Western Kentucky in the early 20th century. As a result of the tobacco industry monopoly, tobacco farmers in the area were forced to sell their crops at prices that were too low. Many local farmers and activists united in a refusal to sell their crops to the major tobacco companies.

An Association meeting occurred in downtown Guthrie,[36] where a vigilante wing of "Night Riders", formed. The riders terrorized farmers who sold their tobacco at the low prices demanded by the tobacco corporations. They burned several tobacco warehouses throughout the area, stretching as far west as Hopkinsville to Princeton. In the later period of their operation, they were known to physically assault farmers who broke the boycott. Governor Augustus E. Willson declared martial law and deployed the Kentucky National Guard to end the wars.

الجغرافيا

انظر أيضاً: قائمة مقاطعات كنتكي
 
كنتكي
 
Kentucky's regions (click on image for color coding information.)

تكوِّن هضبة الأبلاش، أو هضبة كمبرلاند في شرقي كنتاكي جزءًا من الإقليم الممتد من نيويورك إلى ألاباما. وتسمى هذه الهضبة أيضًا منجم الفحم الحجري الشرقي؛ فهي من كبرى المناطق المنتجة للفحم الحجري.

يغطي إقليم العشب الأزرق الشمال الأوسط من كنتاكي، وينمو فيه عشب أزهاره مغبرة زرقاء اللون، ويُنتج محصولاً كبيرًا من الذرة الشامية والتبغ، كما أن به أكبر مدن الولاية ومعظم مزارع الخيول وكثير من المصانع.

يمتد في محاذاة معظم حدود كنتاكي الجنوبية إقليم بنيرويال الذي يوجد به كهف ماموث المشهور.

يقع في الشمال الغربي منجم الفحم الحجري الغربي، وهو إقليم ذو سطح شديد التموج، وبه نحو نصف احتياطي الولايات المتحدة من الفحم الحجري. أما في الجنوب الغربي فيوجد إقليم صغير المساحة يسمى جاكسون بيرتشيز. وكان قد أسهم الجنرال الأمريكي أندرو جاكسون في شرائه من الهنود عام 1818م. وبهذا الإقليم سهول فيضية واسعة، تغطيها مستنقعات أشجار السّرو والبحيرات المتقطعة.

الدين

 
Kentucky's Inner Bluegrass Region features hundreds of horse farms

=

الحدث عدد الضحايا
Louisville Tornado of 1890 est. 76–120+
April 3, 1974 Tornado Outbreak 72
April 7, 1977 Flooding (Cumberland River toppled Pineville floodwall) ?
March 1, 1997 Flooding 18
2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak 7
January 2009 ice storm 24+
درجات الحرارة في مختلف مدن كنتكي
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Lexington 40/24 45/28 55/36 65/44 74/54 82/62 86/66 85/65 78/58 67/46 54/37 44/28
Louisville 41/25 47/28 57/37 67/46 75/56 83/65 87/70 86/68 79/61 68/48 56/39 45/30
Paducah 42/24 48/28 58/37 68/46 77/55 85/64 89/68 87/65 81/57 71/45 57/36 46/28
Pikeville 46/23 50/25 60/32 69/39 77/49 84/58 87/63 86/62 80/56 71/42 60/33 49/26
Ashland 42/19 47/21 57/29 68/37 77/47 84/56 88/61 87/59 80/52 69/40 57/31 46/23

البحيرات والأنهار

 
Lake Cumberland is the largest artificial lake, in terms of volume, east of the Mississippi River.

البيئة الطبيعية والحفاظ عليها

 
Once an industrial wasteland, Louisville's reclaimed waterfront now features thousands of trees and miles of walking trails

الجذب السياحي

 
Red River Gorge is one of Kentucky's most visited places


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الحكومة والقانون

انظر أيضاً: قائمة حكام كنتكي
انظر أيضاً: مجلس شيوخ كنتكي
انظر أيضاً: مجلس نواب كنتكي
الفرع التنفيذي
 
The governor's mansion in Frankfort, Kentucky
الفرع التشريعي
 
The Kentucky State Capitol building in Frankfort
القضاء

التمثيل الفدرالي

 
A map showing Kentucky's six congressional districts

القانون

التوزيع السكاني

 
خريطة توزيع السكان في كنتكي.
التعداد تاريخياً
الإحصاء التعداد %±
179073٬677
—
1800220٬955199.9%
1810406٬51184.0%
1820564٬31738.8%
1830687٬91721.9%
1840779٬82813.4%
1850982٬40526.0%
18601٬155٬68417.6%
18701٬321٬01114.3%
18801٬648٬69024.8%
18901٬858٬63512.7%
19002٬147٬17415.5%
19102٬289٬9056.6%
19202٬416٬6305.5%
19302٬614٬5898.2%
19402٬845٬6278.8%
19502٬944٬8063.5%
19603٬038٬1563.2%
19703٬218٬7065.9%
19803٬660٬77713.7%
19903٬685٬2960.7%
20004٬041٬7699.7%
تقديري 20084٬269٬245[37]5.6%
http://ukcc.uky.edu/census/21.txt

العرق والنسب

الميول السياسية

للمزيد من المعلومات: [[:قوة الحزب السياسي في ولاية كنتاكي]]

الدين

 
Lexington Theological Seminary (then College of the Bible), 1904.

الإقتصاد

انظر أيضاً: Economy of Louisville, Kentucky; Economy of Lexington, Kentucky; and Kentucky locations by per capita income
 
 
The best selling car in the United States, the Toyota Camry, is manufactured in Georgetown, Kentucky.
 
The best selling truck in the United States, the Ford F-Series, is manufactured in Louisville, Kentucky.

تُعد الصناعة أهم النشاطات الاقتصادية في كنتاكي. وتوجد أهم مراكز الصناعة في كل من مدينة كوفنجتون، وليكسنجتون، ولويسفيل. وفي مقدمة المنتجات الصناعية معدات السيارات، والكيميائيات، والمعدات الكهربائية. Early in its history, Kentucky gained recognition for its excellent farming conditions. It was the site of the first commercial winery in the United States (started in present-day Jessamine County in 1799) and due to the high calcium content of the soil in the Bluegrass region quickly became a major horse breeding (and later racing) area. Today Kentucky ranks 5th nationally in goat farming, 8th in beef cattle production,[38] and 14th in corn production.[9] Kentucky has been a long-standing major center of the tobacco industry – both as a center of business and tobacco farming.

Kentucky's economy has expanded to in non-agricultural terms as well, especially auto manufacturing, energy fuel production, and medical facilities.[10]

Kentucky ranks 4th among U.S. states in the number of automobiles and trucks assembled.[11] The Chevrolet Corvette, Cadillac XLR (2004–09), Ford Escape, Ford Super Duty trucks, Ford Expedition, Lincoln Navigator, Toyota Camry,[39] Toyota Avalon,[39] Toyota Solara, Toyota Venza,[39] and Lexus ES 350[39] are assembled in Kentucky.

 
The best selling truck in the United States, the Ford F-Series, is manufactured in Louisville, Kentucky.

Kentucky has historically been a major coal producer, but the industry has been in decline since the 1980s, and the number employed dropped by more than half between 2011 and 2015.[39]

اعتبارا من 2010, 24% of electricity produced in the U.S. depended on either enriched uranium rods coming from the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (the only domestic site of low-grade uranium enrichment),[needs update] or from the 107,000 tons of coal extracted from the state's two coal fields (which combined produce 4% percent of the electricity in the US).[40]

Kentucky produces 95% of the world's supply of bourbon whiskey, and the number of barrels of bourbon being aged in Kentucky (more than 5.7 million) exceeds the state's population.[39][41] Bourbon has been a growing market – with production of Kentucky bourbon rising 170 percent between 1999 and 2015.[39] In 2019 the state had more than fifty distilleries for bourbon production.[42]

Kentucky exports reached a record $22.1 billion in 2012, with products and services going to 199 countries.[43]

According to the Kentucky Cabinet for Economic Development, the primary state agency in Kentucky responsible for creating new jobs and new investment in the state, new business investment in Kentucky in 2012 totaled nearly $2.7 billion, with the creation of more than 14,000 new jobs. One such investment was L'Oréal in Northern Kentucky, which added 200 jobs on top of the 280 already in existing facilities in Florence and Walton.[44]

Fort Knox, a United States Army post best known as the site of the United States Bullion Depository, which is used to house a large portion of the United States official gold reserves, is located in Kentucky between Louisville and Elizabethtown. In May 2010, the Army Human Resource Center of Excellence, the largest office building in the state at nearly 900,000 square feet (84,000 m2) opened at Fort Knox. The complex employs nearly 4,300 soldiers and civilians.[45]

Kentucky contains two of the twenty U.S. Federal Penitentiaries: USP Big Sandy (in the east in Martin County near Inez) and USP McCreary (in the south in McCreary County in the Daniel Boone National Forest).

The total gross state product for 2020 was $213 billion.[46] Its per capita income was $25,888 in 2017.[47] An organization called the Institute for Truth in Accounting estimated that the state government's debts exceeded its available assets by $26,300 per taxpayer اعتبارا من 2011, ranking the state as having the 5th highest such debt burden in the nation.[48]

As of March 2024, the state's unemployment rate is 4.5%.[49] In 2014 Kentucky was the most affordable U.S. state in which to live.[50][needs update]

تُعد ليكسنجتون أحد المراكز المهمة لتجارة الجملة بالنسبة للبلاد كلها في مجال التبغ وخيول السباق. أما لويسفيل فهي ميناء تجاري رئيسي على نهر أوهايو، فضلاً عن أن المنطقة المحيطة بها مركز مهم لتجارة التجزئة وسوق المال، كما يقام بها أحد أشهر سباقات الخيل في العالم وهو المعروف باسم ديربي كنتاكي.

يأتي أكبر موارد التجارة في مجال الثروة الحيوانية التي تبلغ نحو الخُمسَيْن من تربية وبيع الخيول الأصيلة التي يُستجلب أغلبها من مراعي بلوجراس القريبة من ليكسنجتون. أما أهم المنتجات المعدنية في كنتاكي فهو الفحم الحجري.

الضريبة

ترويج الحكومة لشعارات

  • "الروح الجامحة" Unbridled Spirit
 
لافتة ترحيب ولاية كنتكي

السياحة

انظر أيضاً: Kentucky Bourbon Trail
 
The Ark Encounter in Williamstown, KY

Tourism has become an increasingly important part of the Kentucky economy. In 2019 tourism grew to $7.6 billion in economic impact. Key attractions include horse racing with events like the Kentucky Derby and the Keeneland Fall and Spring Meets, bourbon distillery tours, including along the Kentucky Bourbon Trail and Louisville Urban Bourbon Trail,[51] and natural attractions such as the state's many lakes and parks to include Mammoth Cave, Lake Cumberland and Red River Gorge.[52]

The state also has several religious destinations such as the Creation Museum and Ark Encounter of Answers in Genesis.[53][54]

صناعة الجياد

انظر أيضاً: Horse racing in the United States
 
Spring running of Keeneland in Lexington, KY

Horse Racing has long been associated with Kentucky. Churchill Downs, the home of the Derby, is a large venue with a capacity exceeding 165,000.[55] The track hosts multiple events throughout the year and is a significant draw to the city of Louisville. Keeneland Race Course, in Lexington, hosts two major meets, the Spring and Fall running. Beyond hosting races Keeneland also hosts a significant horse auction drawing buyers from around the world. In 2019 $360 million was spent on the September Yearling sale.[56] The Kentucky Horse Park in Georgetown hosts multiple events throughout the year, including international equestrian competitions and also offers horseback riding from April to October.[57]

النقل

مقال رئيسي: النقل في كنتاكي.

الطرق

 
At 464 miles (747 km) long, Kentucky Route 80 is the longest route in Kentucky, pictured here west of Somerset.
 
The current state license plate design, introduced in 2005.
انظر أيضاً: قائمة الطرق السريعة في ولاية كنكي

السكك الحديدية

 
High Bridge over the Kentucky River was the tallest rail bridge in the world when it was completed in 1877.
انظر أيضاً: List of Kentucky railroads

الجو

انظر أيضاً: قائمة مطارت كنتكي

الماء

 
A barge hauling coal in the Louisville and Portland Canal, the only man made section of the Ohio River

التقسيمات الفرعية والمستوطنات

المقاطعات

انظر أيضاً: List of counties in Kentucky and Fiscal Court

Consolidated city-county governments

المدن والبلدات

انظر أيضاً: List of cities in Kentucky
الترتيب المدينة 2008 Pop 2000 Pop Δ Pop
1 Louisville 557,224 551,299 A263+1.13%
2 Lexington 282,114 260,512 A232+7.76%
3 Owensboro 55,516 54,067 A223+2.72%
4 Bowling Green 55,097 49,296 A037+10.63%
5 Covington 42,235 43,370 A268-2.72%
6 Richmond 32,895 27,152 +17.56%
7 Hopkinsville 32,076 30,089 +5.20%
8 Henderson 27,933 27,373 +2.11%
9 Florence 27,745 23,551 +15.22%
10 Frankfort 27,322 27,741 -1.62%
11 Nicholasville 26,444 19,680 +25.68%
12 Jeffersontown 26,226 26,633 -1.63%
13 Paducah 25,521 26,307 -3.09%
14 Elizabethtown 24,144 22,542 +6.74%
15 Radcliff 22,013 21,961 +0.34%


التعليم

 
The University of Kentucky is Kentucky's flagship university
 
The University of Louisville is Kentucky's urban research university
المقالة الرئيسية: التعليم في كنتاكي
انظر أيضاً: List of colleges and universities in Kentucky, List of high schools in Kentucky, and List of school districts in Kentucky


الثقافة

 
Old Louisville is the largest Victorian Historic neighborhood in the United States.

{{See also|مسرح كنتكي}

الموسيقى

المقالة الرئيسية: موسيقى كنتاكي
انظر أيضاً: تصنيف:موسيقيو كنتكي


المطبخ

المقالة الرئيسية: مطبخ كنتكي

الرياضة

 
Kentucky's Churchill Downs hosts the Kentucky Derby.
المقالة الرئيسية: الرياضة في كنتكي

رموز الولاية

المقالة الرئيسية: قائمة شارات ولاية كنتكي
انظر أيضاً: علم كنتكي and ختم كنتكي
Insignia Symbol Binomial nomenclature Year Adopted[58]
Official State Bird Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis 1926
Official State Butterfly Viceroy Butterfly Limenitis archippus 1990
Official State Dance Clogging 2001
Official State Beverage Milk 2005
Official State Fish Kentucky Spotted Bass Micropterus punctulatus 2005
Official State Fossil Brachiopod undetermined 1986
Official State Flower Goldenrod Soldiago gigantea 1926
Official State Fruit Blackberry Rubus allegheniensis 2004
Official State Gemstone Freshwater Pearl 1986
State Grass Kentucky Bluegrass Poa pratensis Traditional
Official State Latin Motto "Deo gratiam habeamus"

("Let us be grateful to God")

2002
Official State Horse Thoroughbred Equus caballus 1996
Official State Mineral Coal 1998
Official State Outdoor Musical "The Stephen Foster Story" (now called "Stephen Foster - The Musical") 2002
Official State Instrument Appalachian Dulcimer 2001
State Nickname "The Bluegrass State" Traditional
Official State Rock Kentucky Agate 2000
Official State Slogan "Kentucky: Unbridled Spirit" 2004[59]
Official State Soil Crider Soil Series 1990
Official State Tree Tulip Poplar Liriodendron tulipifera 1994
Official Wild Animal Game Species Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis 1968
Official State Song "My Old Kentucky Home"

(revised version)

1986
Official State Silverware Pattern Old Kentucky Blue Grass: The Georgetown Pattern 1996
Official State Music Bluegrass music 2007[60]

الأماكن والمناسبات الرسمية

الصور

انظر أيضا

المقالة الرئيسية: موضوعات عن كنتكي

الملاحظات

  1. ^ أ ب Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. ^ كنتكي هي واحدة من أربع ولايات أمريكية فقط تستخدم مصطلح "كومنوِلث" في اسمها الرسمي، مع مساتشوستس وڤرجينيا و پنسلڤانيا.

المصادر

  1. ^ أ ب "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
  2. ^ أ ب "2020 Census Apportionment Results". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  3. ^ "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  4. ^ "Kentucky State Symbols". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  5. ^ قالب:Cite LPD
  6. ^ "How Kentucky Became a State". Puerto Rico 51st. August 8, 2014. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  7. ^ "The Bluegrass State". State Symbols USA. June 2014. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  8. ^ "2007 Rankings of States and Counties". Alabama Cattlemen's Association. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  9. ^ أ ب "Corn Production Detective" (PDF). National Council on Economic Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  10. ^ أ ب Hunt, Matthew (2019). "Are Kentucky Farmers Prepared for Farm-Related Emergencies?". Journal of Agromedicine. 24 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1080/1059924x.2018.1536571. PMID 30317936. S2CID 52977999.
  11. ^ أ ب Strong, Marvin E. "Gene" Jr. (December 31, 2003). "Kentucky: In the Middle of Auto Alley". Trade and Industry Development. Archived from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  12. ^ Johnson and Parrish. "Kentucky River Development: The Commonwealth's Waterways" (PDF). University of Kentucky. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2021.
  13. ^ قالب:OEtymD "Kentucky". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on August 2, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  14. ^ Mithun, Marianne. 1999. Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 312
  15. ^ "Kentucky". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  16. ^ McCafferty, Michael (2008). Native American Place Names of Indiana. University of Illinois Press. p. 250. ISBN 9780252032684.
  17. ^ Nichols, John & Nyholm, Earl. Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe, 1994.
  18. ^ Patrick, Andrew P. (2017). "Birth of the Bluegrass: Ecological Transformations in Central Kentucky to 1810". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 115 (2): 155–182. doi:10.1353/khs.2017.0049. S2CID 133557743.
  19. ^ Louis, Franquelin, Jean Baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana.". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  20. ^ "Early Indian Migration in Ohio." GenealogyTrails.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  21. ^ "South of the Ohio" was almost, but not quite, synonymous with Kentucke country.
  22. ^ The First Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region by the Virginians 1650–1674
  23. ^ "The Presence". History of Native Americans in Central Kentucky. Mercer County Online. Archived from the original on December 12, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  24. ^ Murphree, Daniel S. (2012). Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 395. ISBN 9780313381270. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  25. ^ James, James Alton (1928). The Life of George Rogers Clark. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-404-03549-5.
  26. ^ Kesavan, Vasan (December 1, 2002). "When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law". Notre Dame Law Review. 78 (1): 70–71. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
  27. ^ 1 Stat. 189
  28. ^ 1 Stat. 191
  29. ^ "Constitution Square State Historic Site". Danville-Boyle County Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  30. ^ "Border States in the Civil War". CivilWarHome.com. February 15, 2002. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  31. ^ "Ordinances of Secession". Historical Text Archive. Archived from the original on نوفمبر 23, 2010. Retrieved نوفمبر 29, 2006.
  32. ^ "Civil War Sites – Bowling Green, KY". WMTH Corporation. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  33. ^ "KRS 2.110 Public Holidays" (PDF). Kentucky General Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2006.
  34. ^ Tony Hiss, Confederates in the Attic
  35. ^ "The Old State Capitol". Kentucky Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
  36. ^ Lochte, Kate; Markgraf, Matt (September 22, 2014). "Understanding the Black Patch Tobacco War of West Kentucky and Tennessee". WKMS. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  37. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة 08CenEst
  38. ^ "2007 Rankings of States and Counties". bamabeef.org. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2007.
  39. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Eblin, Tom (December 27, 2015). "Year in Kentucky business saw Toyota expand, bourbon boom, coal decline". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  40. ^ "U.S. Coal Production by State, 1994–2009" (PDF). Utah Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  41. ^ Schreiner, Bruce (February 3, 2015). "Bourbon, Tennessee whiskey sales soar in U.S.; exports top $1B". The Seattle Times (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023.
  42. ^ Havens, Sara (March 19, 2019). "Best Driving Vacations: Kentucky Bourbon Trail". Columbus Monthly. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021.
  43. ^ Snchez, Francisco J. (March 15, 2013). "Ky. one of fastest-growing states in exporting products | Op-Ed". Lexington Herald Leader. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
  44. ^ "Maker of hair care products to expand in Kentucky". Businessweek. November 15, 2012. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
  45. ^ "Human resource center opens at Fort Knox". Louisville Business First. May 27, 2010. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  46. ^ "Gross Domestic Product: All Industry Total in Kentucky (KYNGSP)". FRED | St. Louis Fed. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  47. ^ "QuickFacts: Kentucky". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
  48. ^ "Kentucky : State Data and Comparisons". State Data Lab. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  49. ^ "Kentucky Education and Labor Cabinet Releases March 2024 Unemployment Report". Kentucky Center for Statistics. April 18, 2024. Archived from the original on April 30, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  50. ^ Cohn, Scott (June 24, 2014). "America's cheapest states to live in 2014". CNBC. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
  51. ^ "Louisville, KY's Urban Bourbon Trail (UBT)". BourbonCounty.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  52. ^ "Kentucky Tourism says visitor spending rose to $7.6 billion in 2018". August 14, 2019. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  53. ^ "Itinerary: Northern Kentucky Biblical Wonders". Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
  54. ^ "Answers in Genesis". Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
  55. ^ "Second-Highest Derby Attendance, Handle". bloodhorse.com. May 7, 2016. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  56. ^ Warren, Katie. "What it's like going to the 'Super Bowl of horse sales,' where royals and millionaires bid on horses they hope might be the next Kentucky Derby winner". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  57. ^ "Home". Kentucky Horse Park. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  58. ^ "Kentucky's State Symbols". Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
  59. ^ "Unbridled Spirit Information". Kentucky.gov. 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2006-12-18. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  60. ^ "HB71: An act designating bluegrass music as the official state music of Kentucky" (DOC). Legislative Research Commission. Retrieved 2007-06-26.

قائمة المراجع

السياسة

التاريخ

المصادر

  • Bodley, Temple and Samuel M. Wilson. History of Kentucky 4 vols. (1928).
  • Caudill, Harry M., Night Comes to the Cumberlands (1963). ISBN 0-316-13212-8
  • Channing, Steven. Kentucky: A Bicentennial History (1977).
  • Clark, Thomas Dionysius. A History of Kentucky (many editions, 1937–1992).
  • Collins, Lewis. History of Kentucky (1880).
  • Harrison, Lowell H. and James C. Klotter. A New History of Kentucky (1997).
  • Kleber, John E. et al. The Kentucky Encyclopedia (1992), standard reference history.
  • Klotter, James C. Our Kentucky: A Study of the Bluegrass State (2000), high school text
  • Lucas, Marion Brunson and Wright, George C. A History of Blacks in Kentucky 2 vols. (1992).
  • Notable Kentucky African Americans http://www.uky.edu/Subject/aakyall.html
  • Share, Allen J. Cities in the Commonwealth: Two Centuries of Urban Life in Kentucky (1982).
  • Wallis, Frederick A. and Hambleton Tapp. A Sesqui-Centennial History of Kentucky 4 vols. (1945).
  • Ward, William S., A Literary History of Kentucky (1988) (ISBN 0-87049-578-X).
  • WPA, Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State (1939), classic guide.
  • Yater, George H. (1987). Two Hundred Years at the Fall of the Ohio: A History of Louisville and Jefferson County (2nd ed.). Filson Club, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9601072-3-1.

دراسات علمية متخصصة

وصلات خارجية



سبقه
Vermont 		List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
Admitted on June 1, 1792 (15th) 		تبعه
Tennessee
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