حصار القسطنطينية (674-678)
الحصار العربي الأول للقسطنطينية أو معركة سيلايوم البحرية حدثت في العام 677 الميلادي بين العرب المسلمين و الإمبراطورية البيزنطية، حدثت هذه المعركة البحرية بالتزامن مع سلسلة من المعارك البرية في سوريا والأناضول.
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الخلفية
التحركات الأولى: حملتي 672 و 673
Gold nomisma of Constantine IV
Depiction of the use of Greek fire, from the Madrid Skylitzes. It was used for the first time during the first Arab siege of Constantinople, in 677 or 678.[1]
الوقع الثقافي
Building that houses the tomb of Abu Ayyub at Eyüp Sultan Mosque complex
المراجع
- ^ Haldon 1990, p. 64.
المصادر
- Brooks, E.W. (1898). "The Arabs in Asia Minor (641–750), from Arabic Sources". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. XVIII: 182–208.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Canard, Marius (1926). "Les expéditions des Arabes contre Constantinople dans l'histoire et dans la légende" [The Expeditions of the Arabs Against Constantinople in History and Legend]. Journal Asiatique (in French) (208): 61–121. ISSN 0021-762X.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies. ISBN 978-0-932885-30-2.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Foster, John (1939). The Church of the T'ang Dynasty. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. OCLC 3790642.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Haldon, John F. (1990). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Revised Edition. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521319171.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Howard-Johnston, James (2010). Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920859-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Jankowiak, Marek (2013). "The First Arab Siege of Constantinople". In Zuckerman, Constantin (ed.). Travaux et mémoires, Vol. 17: Constructing the Seventh Century. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. pp. 237–320.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Jenkins, Philip (2008). The Lost History of Christianity: the Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia – and How It Died. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-147280-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kaegi, Walter E. (2008). "Confronting Islam: Emperors versus Caliphs (641–c. 850)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–394. ISBN 978-0-52-183231-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1976). Die byzantinische Reaktion auf die Ausbreitung der Araber. Studien zur Strukturwandlung des byzantinischen Staates im 7. und 8. Jhd [Byzantine Reaction to the Expansion of the Arabs. Studies on the Structural Change of the Byzantine State in the 7th and 8th Cent.] (in German). Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München. OCLC 797598069.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Mango, Cyril; Scott, Roger (1997). The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822568-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Olster, David (1995). "Theodosius Grammaticus and the Arab Siege of 674-78". Byzantinoslavica. 56 (1): 23–28. ISSN 0007-7712.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Stratos, Andreas N. (1978). Byzantium in the Seventh Century, Volume IV: 668–685. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. ISBN 9789025606657.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Stratos, Andreas N. (1983). "Siège ou blocus de Constantinople sous Constantin IV" [Siege or Blockade of Constantinople under Constantine IV]. Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik (in French). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 33: 89–107. ISSN 0378-8660.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
- Turnbull, Stephen (2004). The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324–1453. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-759-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Yule, Henry (1915). Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route. London: Hakluyt Society.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
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وصلات خارجية
- Radic, Radivoj (2008). "Two Arabian sieges of Constantinople (674–678; 717/718)". Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
Coordinates: 41°00′44″N 28°58′34″E / 41.01224°N 28.976018°E
الكلمات الدالة: