امبراطورية چالوكيا الغربية

امبراطورية چالوكيا الغربية Western Chalukya Empire حكمت معظم غرب الدكن، جنوب الهند، بين القرنين العاشر والثاني عشر. This Kannadiga dynasty is sometimes called the Kalyani Chalukya after its regal capital at Kalyani, today's Basavakalyan in Karnataka and alternatively the Later Chalukya from its theoretical relationship to the 6th-century Chalukya dynasty of Badami. The dynasty is called Western Chalukyas to differentiate from the contemporaneous Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, a separate dynasty. Prior to the rise of these Chalukyas, the Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta controlled most of Deccan and Central India for over two centuries. In 973, seeing confusion in the Rashtrakuta empire after a successful invasion of their capital by the ruler of the Paramara dynasty of Malwa, Tailapa II, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty ruling from Bijapur region defeated his overlords and made Manyakheta his capital. The dynasty quickly rose to power and grew into an empire under سومش‌ڤارا الأول who moved the capital to Kalyani.

امبراطورية چالوكيا الغربية ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ
973–1189
Extent of Western Chalukya Empire, 1121 CE
المكانة	Empire (Subordinate to Rashtrakuta until 973)
العاصمة	Manyakheta, Basavakalyan
اللغات الشائعة	Kannada
الدين	الهندوسية
الحكومة	Monarchy
King
• 957 – 997	Tailapa II
• 1184 – 1189	سومش‌ڤارا الرابع
التاريخ
• أول السجلات	957
• تأسست	973
• انحلت	1189
سبقها تلاها أسرة راشتراكوتا امبراطورية هويسالا Kakatiya dynasty Seuna (Yadava) dynasty

لأكثر من قرن، خاضت امبراطوريتا جنوب الهند، چالوكيا الغربية وأسرة چولا من تانجورى عدداً من الحروب المريرة للسيطرة على المنطقة الخصبة ڤنگي. During these conflicts, the Eastern Chalukyas of ڤنگي، distant cousins of the Western Chalukyas but related to the Cholas by marriage took sides with the Cholas further complicating the situation. During the rule of ڤيكراماديتيا السادس, in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Western Chalukyas convincingly contended with the Cholas and reached a peak ruling territories that spread over most of the Deccan, between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south. His exploits were not limited to the south for even as a prince, أثناء حكم سومش‌ڤارا الأول، he had led successful military campaigns as far east as modern بيهار and Bengal. During this period the other major ruling families of the Deccan, the Hoysalas, the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty and the Southern Kalachuris of Kalyani, were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas and gained their independence only when the power of the Chalukya waned during the later half of the 12th century.

The Western Chalukyas developed an architectural style known today as a transitional style, an architectural link between the style of the early Chalukya dynasty and that of the later Hoysala empire. Most of its monuments are in the districts bordering the Tungabhadra River in central Karnataka. Well known examples are the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi. This was an important period in the development of fine arts in Southern India, especially in literature as the Western Chalukya kings encouraged writers in the native language Kannada, and Sanskrit.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 التاريخ

Old Kannada inscription dated 1028 AD from the rule of King Jayasimha II at the Praneshvara temple in Talagunda, Shivamogga district

Old Kannada inscription dated 1057 AD of الملك سومش‌ڤارا الأول في Kalleshwara Temple, Hire Hadagali in Bellary district

Mahadeva Temple at Itagi in Koppal district, Karnataka

چالوكيا الغربية (973-1200) تايلاپا الثاني (957–997) ساتياشرايا (997–1008) ڤيكراماديتيا الخامس (1008–1015) جاياسيمها الثاني (1015–1042) سومش‌ڤارا الأول (1042–1068) سومش‌ڤارا الثاني (1068–1076) ڤيكراماديتيا السادس (1076–1126) سومش‌ڤارا الثالث (1126–1138) Jagadhekamalla II (1138–1151) تايلاپا الثالث (1151–1164) Jagadhekamalla III (1163–1183) سومش‌ڤارا الرابع (1184–1200) ڤيرا بلالا الثاني (امبراطورية هويسالا) (1173–1220) بهيلاما الخامس (امبراطورية سئونا) (1173–1192) رودرا (أسرة كاكاتي‌يا) (1158–1195)

 الادارة

Mallikarjuna group of temples at Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka

 الاقتصاد

Ornate mantapa at Kalleshvara Temple (987 CE) in Bagali, Davanagere district

 الثقافة

 الدين

انظر أيضاً: Ramanujacharya, Basavanna, Allama Prabhu, and Akka Mahadevi

Basavanna Statue

A Hero stone with old Kannada inscription (1115 AD) أثناء حكم ڤيكراماديتيا السادس في معبد كدارش‌ڤارا في Balligavi

 المجتمع

Kirtimukha relief at Kedareswara Temple in Balligavi, Shimoga district

 الأدب

Grill work at Tripurantkesvara temple in Balligavi, Shimoga district

 العمارة

Typical Western Chalukya dravida Vimana at Siddesvara temple in Haveri, Karnataka

 اللغة

Old Kannada inscription ascribed to الملك ڤيكراماديتيا السادس، dated 1112 CE at Mahadeva Temple in Itagi, Karnataka

 انظر أيضاً

• راشتراكوتا
• أسرة چولا
• ڤيكراماديتيا السادس
• Kulothunga Chola I
• Balligavi

 المراجع

الكتب

• Chopra, P.N.; Ravindran, T.K.; Subrahmanian, N (2003) [2003]. History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1. New Delhi: Chand Publications. ISBN 81-219-0153-7.
• Cousens, Henry (1996) [1926]. The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. OCLC 37526233.
• Davison-Jenkins, Dominic J. (2001). "Hydraulic works". In John M. Fritz and George Michell (editors) (ed.). New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagara. Mumbai: MARG. ISBN 81-85026-53-X. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
• Foekema, Gerard (1996). A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples. New Delhi: Abhinav. ISBN 81-7017-345-0.
• Hardy, Adam (1995) [1995]. Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-312-4.
• Houben, Jan E.M. (1996) [1996]. Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit language. Brill. ISBN 90-04-10613-8.
• Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
• Mack, Alexandra (2001). "The temple district of Vitthalapura". In John M. Fritz and George Michell (editors) (ed.). New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagara. Mumbai: MARG. ISBN 81-85026-53-X. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
• Moraes, George M. (1990) [1931]. The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0595-0.
• Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1988]. History of Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
• Pollock, Sheldon (2006) [2006]. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24500-8.
• Puranik, Siddya (1992). "Vachana literature (Kannada)". In Mohal Lal (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1221-8.
• Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921]. Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0063-0.
• Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
• Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [1999]. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1198-3.
• Thapar, Romila (2003) [2003]. The Penguin History of Early India. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-302989-4.

الوب

• Kamiya, Takeyo. "Architecture of Indian subcontinent". Indian Architecture. Gerard da Cunha. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
• Kamat, Jyotsna. "The Chalukyas of Kalyani". Dynasties of Deccan. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
• "Indian Inscriptions, Vol 9,11,15,17,18,20". Archaeological Survey of India. What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
• Githa U.B. "Balligavi - An important seat of learning". History of Indian Art. Chitralakshana.com 2002. Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
• Gunther, Michael D. "Index IV, Late Chalukya". Monuments of India. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
• Kannikeswaran, K. "Kalyani Chalukyan temples". TempleNet. webmaster@templenet.com. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
• Prabhu, Govindaraya S. "Alupa Dynasty-catalogue". Prabhu's web page on Indian Coins. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
• Prabhu, Govindaraya S. "Chalukya Dynasty-catalogue". Prabhu's web page on Indian Coins. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
• Rao, Kishan. "Emperor among Temples crying for attention". Southern States - Karnataka. The Hindu. Retrieved 2006-11-10.