المعرفة:أصد للفرنسية
الجداول أدناه تبين الطريقة التي تمثل بها الأبجدية الصوتية الدولية (IPA أو أصد) النطق الفرنسي في مقالات المعرفة.
English approximations are in some cases very rough, and only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation. See French phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds.
French has no word-level stress, so stress marks should not be used in transcribing French words. See here for explanation.
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الهامش
- ^ The French rhotic varies from region to region, though it is often uvular, especially in Northern France; the more common pronunciations include a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] and a uvular trill [ʀ] and sometimes [χ] (after voiceless consonants). It can also be a social class marker, a guttural "r" being strongly associated with less educated / working class speakers, and a more rounded[مطلوب توضيح], less pronounced "r" (similar to the German rhotic when placed at the end of a word) associated with the upper classes.
- ^ In European French, /ŋ/ is often pronounced [ŋɡ].
- ^ /x/ may be replaced by /ʁ/.
- ^ only in Belgian French
- ^ In Metropolitan French, /ɑ/ is often replaced by /a/. The distinction is present in Belgian French and in Quebec French.
- ^ Less common in France than formerly (except in syllables with coda [ʁ], [v], [vʁ], [z] or [ʒ], where it may be considered a lengthened allophone of /ɛ/), though still present in the speech of some conservative speakers. /ɛː/ as a phoneme was widely recorded in French dictionaries until the 1960s. However, the two vowels are merged, with [ɛ] acquiring the longer quality of [ɛː] before [ʁ], [z] and [ʒ]. The distinction is present in Belgian French and in Quebec French. In Quebec French, the distinction remains before [v] and [vʁ] (with /ɛː/ being subject to possible diphthongization), despite /ɛ/ being lengthened in this context; thus rêve [ʁaɪ̯v] is not a rhyme with lève [lɛv].
- ^ In French, /ə/ is pronounced with some lip rounding ([ɵ̞]); for a number of speakers, it is also more front and may even be phonetically identical to the vowel /œ/. In Metropolitan French, /ə/ is rounded and fronted, making it phonetically identical to /ø/.
- ^ In Metropolitan French, the south excepted, /œ̃/ is often replaced by /ɛ̃/.
- ^ Stress falls on the last full syllable of a phrase, except in emphatic speech.
- ^ Used sparingly.
- ^ Latent final consonant is pronounced before a following vowel sound.
وصلات خارجية
- French Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert French Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription