الرماة السنغاليون
الرماة السنغاليون (فرنسية: Tirailleurs Sénégalais؛ إنگليزية: Senegalese Tirailleurs) كانوا corps of colonial infantry in the French Army. They were initially recruited from Senegal, French West Africa and subsequently throughout Western, Central and Eastern Africa: the main sub-Saharan regions of the French colonial empire.[1] The noun tirailleur, which translates variously as "skirmisher", "rifleman" or "sharpshooter", was a designation given by the French Army to indigenous infantry recruited in the various colonies and overseas possessions of the French Empire during the 19th and 20th centuries.
الرماة السنغاليون كانوا يعتبرون القوة السوداء لفرنسا الاسعمارية . تشكلت هذه القوة سنة 1857 على يد Louis Faidherbe الحاكم العام لإفريقيا الغربية الفرنسية آنذاك بهدف مواجهة النقص الكبير في الجنود الفرنسيين الذي كانت تعاني منه فرنسا الاستعمارية . الفرنسيون قاموا بشراء عشرات الآلاف من العبيد وتحريرهم بهدف دمجهم في هذه القوة الضاربة.
"الرماة السنغاليون" ليست تعني بالضرورة من هم من السنغاليين. فالمقصود الرماة من بلدان إفريقيا السوداء، جنوب الصحراء. وأما تسمية السنغاليين، فقد أطلقت عليهم، كون الفوج الأول منهم، جرى تأسيسه في السنغال. وهؤلاء الجنود السود هم من الذين ينتمون إلى المستعمرات الفرنسية السابقة في إفريقيا، وشاركوا في مختلف المعارك التي خاضها الجيش الفرنسي in a number of wars, including الحرب العالمية الأولى (providing around 200,000 troops, more than 135,000 of whom fought in Europe and 30,000 of whom were killed[2]) and الحرب العالمية الثانية. Other tirailleur regiments were raised in French North Africa from the Arab and Berber populations of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco,[3] collectively they were called tirailleurs nord-africains or Turcos. Tirailleur regiments were also raised in Indochina, they were called Vietnamese, Tonkinese or Annamites Tirailleurs.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
التاريخ
الأصول
The Senegalese Tirailleurs were formed in 1857 by Louis Faidherbe, governor general of French West Africa, because he lacked sufficient French troops to control the territory and meet other requirements of the first phase of colonisation. The formal decree for the formation of this force was signed on 21 July 1857 in Plombières-les-Bains by Napoleon III. Recruitment was later extended to other French colonies in Africa. During its early years the corps included some former slaves bought from West African slave-owners as well as prisoners of war. Subsequent recruitment was either by voluntary enlistment or on occasion by an arbitrary form of conscription.
1870–1914
الحرب العالمية الأولى
There were 21 battalions of Tirailleurs Sénégalais (BTS) in the French Army in August 1914, all serving in either West Africa or on active service in Morocco.
بين الحربين العالميتين
الحرب العالمية الثانية
بعد 1945
The 24e Regiment de March de Tirailleurs Sénégalais, comprising two battalions, served in the Indochina War between 1946 and 1954. Several independent battalions of Tirailleurs Sénégalais fought in the same theatre of war.[4] In 1949 there were still nine regiments of Senegalese tirailleurs in the French Army, serving in West Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Indochina.
During the Algerian War the Tirailleurs Sénégalais saw extensive active service from 1954 to 1962, mainly as part of the quadrillage - a grid of occupation detachments intended to protect farms and roads in rural areas. About 12 separate Senegalese units (either three-battalion regiments or single battalions) served in French North Africa between 1954 and 1967, when the last French troops were withdrawn.
The last Senegalese unit in the French Army was disbanded in 1964. The last Senegalese Tirailleur to have served in World War I. Abdoulaye Ndiaye, died at the age of 104 in November 1998. He had been wounded in the Dardanelles.[5]
أفلام
Camp de Thiaroye, by Senegalese director Ousmane Sembene, 1987, 153 mins.
Le Tata, paysages de pierres, by French director Patrice Robin and Author Eveline Berruezo, 1992, 60 mins.[6]
انظر أيضاً
- Tirailleurs: history of the original French skirmishers of this designation plus the colonial (e.g.: Algerian, Senegalese etc.) tirailleur units
- French colonial troops
- پيير مسمير Pierre Messmer
- French colonial flags
- French Colonial Empire
- List of French possessions and colonies
الهامش
- ^ Cf. (بالفرنسية) Éric Deroo and Antoine Champeaux, La Force noire. Gloire et infortunes d'une légende coloniale, Paris, Tallandier, 2006, 223 p. ISBN 2-84734-339-3.
- ^ (بالفرنسية) Marc Michel, "Les Africains et la Grande Guerre. L'appel à l'Afrique (1914-1918)", Ed : Karthala, 24 October 2003
- ^ Marc Michel,
- ^ Marin Windrow, page 15 "The French Indochina War",ISBN 1-85532-789-9
- ^ Michel, Marc (2003). les Africains et la Grande Guerre. Paris: Kathala. p. 7. ISBN 9 782845 864177.
- ^ http://tirailleurs-senegalais.fr/
ببليوگرافيا
- Myron Echenberg, "Tragedy at Thiaroye: The Senegalese Soldiers' Uprising of 1944 ", in Peter Gutkind, Robin Cohen and Jean Copans (eds), African Labor History, Beverly Hills, 1978, p. 109-128
- Myron Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts: The Tirailleurs Senegalais in French West Africa, 1857-1960. Heinemann (1990), ISBN 0-435-08052-0
- Eveline Berruezo and Patrice Robin : Le Tata - paysages de pierres. Documentary film, 60', 1992. Espace Mémoire, France.
- Christian Koller:»Von Wilden aller Rassen niedergemetzelt«. Die Diskussion um die Verwendung von Kolonialtruppen in Europa zwischen Rassismus, Kolonial- und Militärpolitik (1914–1930) (= Beiträge zur Kolonial- und Überseegeschichte, Bd. 82). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-515-07765-0.
- Nancy Ellen Lawler. Soldiers of Misfortune: Ivoirien Tirailleurs of World War II. Ohio Univ Press (1992) ISBN 0-8214-1012-1
- Rafael Gutierrez and Dario Arce : Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay : mémoires du 25° RTS" Documentary film, 52', 2007. Productions Chromatiques- TLM, France.